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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Chinese medicine Di-Huang-Yi-Zhi protects PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis by regulating ROS-ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK signaling
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies volume 20, Article number: 54 (2020)
Abstract
Background
Oxidative stress mediates the nerve injury during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Protecting against oxidative stress damage is an important strategy to prevent and treat AD. Di-Huang-Yi-Zhi (DHYZ) is a Chinese medicine used for the treatment of AD, but its mechanism remains unknown. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of DHYZ on H2O2 induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells.
Methods
PC12 cells were treated with H2O2 and DHYZ. Cell proliferation was detected by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cytotoxicity of H2O2 was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Apoptosis were identified by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Caspase 3 activity was detected by commercial kit. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by JC-1 staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was 2′, 7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Protein expression and phosphorylation was identified by western blot.
Results
The results showed that DHYZ antagonized H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity and proliferation inhibition. DHYZ reduced ROS production, stabilize mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibit Caspase-3 activity and apoptosis induced by H2O2. In addition, DHYZ inhibited the phosphorylation of ASK1, JNK1/2/3 and p38 MAPK which were up-regulated by H2O2.
Conclusions
The present study suggested that DHYZ protected PC12 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage and was related to inhibition of ROS production and ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK signaling. The present study provides experimental evidence for the application of DHYZ for the management of oxidative stress damage and AD.
Background
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related degenerative disease of the central nervous system. AD presents as progressive cognitive impairment, and is closely related to β-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau pathology [1,2,3]. Both Aβ and Tau can cause oxidative stress (OS) [4,5,6]. OS can mediate nerve injury and participate in the pathogenesis of AD [7, 8]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the main effectors in the OS process, and can oxidize proteins, lipids and DNA, affect mitochondrial function, activate Caspase-3, promote neuronal apoptosis, and thus participate in the pathogenesis of AD [9, 10]. Intervention of OS damage is an important strategy for the prevention and treatment of AD [11, 12].
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is known to play an important role in the prevention and treatment of AD. Based on the theory of TCM, clinical medication and related studies, we established a Chinese herbal formula Di-Huang-Yi-Zhi (DHYZ). DHYZ consists of Shu-Di (prepared root of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaert.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey.), Yi-Zhi-Ren (fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.), Shi-Chang-Pu (root of Acorus tatarinowii Schott), Fu-Shen (Poria with hostwood) and Dan-Shen (root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) (Chinese patent ZL2008102047153.3). All these herbs are effective for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Previous studies have shown that DHYZ can antagonize Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity and inhibit Aβ-induced neurocyte apoptosis in vitro [13]. DHYZ can also reduce synaptic loss, antagonize Aβ-mediated nerve injury and inhibit phosphorylation of Tau protein, thereby improving the learning and memory abilities of AD mice and rats [14, 15]. DHYZ can enhance the therapeutic effect of Donepezil on AD and Parkinson’s disease dementia, improve clinical symptoms, cognitive ability and daily lives of patients [16, 17]. The effect of DHYZ on OS damage remains unknown. The present study explored the protective effect of DHYZ on OS mediated by H2O2 in PC12 cells.
Materials and methods
Chemicals and reagents
Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium was purchased from Corning (Manassas, VA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin and trypsin were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY). Caspase 3 activity assay kit, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay kit, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay kit, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Haimen, Jiangshu, China). Apoptosis detection kit was from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Antibodies against Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2/3 were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Antibodies against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), p-ASK1 (S83), and p-JNK1/2/3 (T183/Y185) were from Bioworld (St. Louis Park, MN). Antibodies against p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p-p38 MAPK (T180/Y182) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA).
DHYZ extraction
Herbs in DHYZ are Shu-Di (prepared root of R. glutinosa (Gaert.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey.), Yi-Zhi-Ren (fruits of A. oxyphylla Miq.), Shi-Chang-Pu (root of A. tatarinowii Schott), Fu-Shen (Poria with hostwood) and Dan-Shen (root of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge) (Chinese patent ZL2008102047153.3). All herbs were obtained from Longhua Hospital and identified by Professor Liwen Xu from Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China. Voucher specimen is deposited in Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (specimen number: DHYZ-001). Extraction and quality control of DHYZ has been previously described, Salvianolic acid B was used as a reference phytochemical [13, 18,19,20]. DHYZ extract was dissolved in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium, passed through 0.22 μm filter for sterilization and stored at − 20 °C.
Cell culture
PC12 cells were purchased from The Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of Chinese Academy of Sciences. PC12 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin, and maintained at 37 °C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. PC12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were used for subsequent experiments.
Cell proliferation assay
PC12 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate (1 × 104/well). After 24 h of culture, PC12 cells were treated with different concentrations of DHYZ or the same volume of serum-free RPMI-1640 for 24 h, or 400 μM of H2O2 for 4 h. CCK-8 reagents were used to detect cell proliferation according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cell survival rate was calculated by the following formula: Cell survival (%) = (experimental OD value/control OD value) × 100%.
LDH cytotoxicity assay
PC12 cells were plated in a 96-well plate (1 × 104/well). After 24 h of culture, DHYZ (50–200 μg/mL) or the same volume of serum-free RPMI-1640 were added. After 24 h of treatment, the cells were treated with H2O2 (400 μM) for 4 h. The amount of LDH released in each group was measured according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The results were expressed as fold of non-treated normal group.
Detection of apoptosis
PC12 cells treated with DHYZ and H2O2 were collected and washed with PBS. The cells were suspended in 100 μl Binding Buffer. Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) (5 μl each) were added, mixed and incubated for 15 min at room temperature, and then 400 μl Binding Buffer was added and mixed. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA).
MMP detection
PC12 cells were incubated in a 24-well plate (5 × 104/well). After 24 h of culture, different concentrations of DHYZ or the same volume of serum-free RPMI-1640 were added. After 24 h, PC12 cells were treated with 400 μM H2O2 for 4 h. JC-1 staining was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to identify positive JC-1 staining.
Detection of Caspase-3 activity
PC12 cells treated with DHYZ and H2O2 were collected, and the activity of Caspase-3 was detected according to the manufacturer’s manual.
ROS detection
The ROS production was detected according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, PC12 cells were cultured in a 6-well plate (2.5 × 105 cells/well). After 24 h of culture, DHYZ (50–200 μg/mL) or the same volume of serum-free RPMI-1640 were added. After 24 h, the cells were treated with 400 μM of H2O2 for 4 h. For ROS detection, the cells were incubated with 2′, 7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) (10 μmol/L) for 30 min at 37 °C, observed under a fluorescence microscope and quantified with a fluorescence microplate reader (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA). For ROS inhibition, DHYZ-treated PC12 cells were incubated with NAC (500 μM) for 2 h followed by H2O2 treatment.
Western blot
PC12 cells treated with DHYZ and H2O2 were collected, lysed in RIPA buffer and quantified using the BCA kit. Proteins were separated by 8–10% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and transferred to PVDF membrane on a semi-dry transfer unit. The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 2 h, incubated with antibodies against ASK1, p-ASK1, JNK1/2/3, p-JNK1/2/3, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK (1:800) or GAPDH (1:2000) at 4 °C overnight. The blots were washed with TBST and incubated with secondary antibody (1:5000) at 37 °C for 2 h. The bands were visualized by the ECL method. Proteins expression were quantified by Image J software.
Statistical analysis
All data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 software, and the results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Intergroup differences were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD-t or Dunnett’s test. P < 0.05 was considered as significant difference.
Results
DHYZ attenuates H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity
We first observed the effects of H2O2 and DHYZ on PC12 cell proliferation. As shown in Fig. 1, 100–600 μM of H2O2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of PC12 cells (P < 0.01), and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was about 400 μM. Low doses of DHYZ (25–400 μg/mL) showed no significant effect on the proliferation of PC12 cells. Based on these observations, 400 μM of H2O2 and 50–200 μg/mL of DHYZ were selected for subsequent experiments. Further study revealed that DHYZ could antagonize the inhibitory effects of H2O2 on proliferation of PC12 cells (P < 0.05).
The cytotoxicity of H2O2 on PC12 cells was detected by the LDH release assay. LDH is released from cells when cell membrane is damaged, and thus can reflect cell damage and cytotoxicity. The results showed that the LDH release from PC12 cells increased after H2O2 treatment (P < 0.01). After DHYZ treatment, the H2O2-induced LDH release was reduced (P < 0.05). These results suggested that DHYZ could antagonize H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity.
DHYZ antagonizes H2O2-induced apoptosis
Apoptosis contributes to oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage [21]. In the present study, Annexin V-FITC and PI double staining were used to detect apoptosis by flow cytometry. The results showed that H2O2 could promote apoptosis in PC12 cells (P < 0.01). Apoptosis of PC12 cells was significantly decreased after DHYZ treatment in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01) (Fig. 2).
DHYZ undermines H2O2-induced reduction of MMP
Mitochondria are important organelles that regulate apoptosis. In this study, MMP was detected by JC-1 staining. JC-1 accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix, forms J-aggregates and produces red fluorescence when the MMP is high, while JC-1 exists as a monomer and emits green fluorescence when the MMP is low. The PC12 cells showed green fluorescence after H2O2 treatment. Upon DHYZ treatment, the red fluorescence intensity of PC12 cells increased and the green fluorescence decreased (Fig. 3) (P < 0.05). These results suggested that DHYZ could reverse H2O2-induced reduction of MMP.
DHYZ inhibits H2O2-activated Caspase-3
Caspase-3 is an executive protease in the apoptotic process, which is regulated by mitochondria and death receptor pathway [22]. In this study, a specific enzyme substrate was used to detect the activity of Caspase-3. The results showed that the activity of Caspase-3 increased significantly in PC12 cells after H2O2 treatment (P < 0.01). DHYZ inhibited H2O2-activated Caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 4) (P < 0.05).
Effect of DHYZ on H2O2-induced ROS production
H2O2 can produce HO• to damage cells [23]. We observed ROS production by DCFH-DA staining. DCFH-DA enters cells and generates DCFH under the action of esterases. DCFH generates fluorescent DCF under the action of ROS. The fluorescence intensity of DCF can reflect ROS level. The results showed that the green fluorescence of PC12 cells was enhanced after H2O2 treatment (P < 0.01), but DHYZ treatment decreased the green fluorescence in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05) (Fig. 5A and B) suggested that DHYZ could reduce H2O2-induced ROS production.
NAC was further used to block the ROS production. The results showed that 500 μM of NAC significantly inhibited ROS production, and also antagonized the effects of H2O2 on Caspase-3 activity and apoptosis (P < 0.01). NAC also attenuated the effects of DHYZ on Caspase-3 activity and apoptosis (P < 0.05) (Fig. 5C-F). These observations suggested that ROS participated in the effects of H2O2 and DHYZ.
Effect of DHYZ on H2O2 activated ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK signaling
ROS can activate ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK signal transduction [24, 25]. We detected the expression and phosphorylation of ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK by Western blot. As shown in Fig. 6, H2O2 up-regulated the phosphorylation of ASK1, JNK and p38 MAPK, without affecting their expressions. DHYZ inhibited the phosphorylation of ASK1, JNK and p38 MAPK induced by H2O2.
Discussion
Brain, as an organ with high oxygen consumption, is prone to accumulate ROS during the metabolic process. In addition, fewer antioxidant enzymes can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and the brain contains more unsaturated fatty acids and transition metals, which also lead to ROS accumulation, promote synapse and neuronal loss, and accelerate the progress of AD [11, 26] Anti-oxidative damage and maintenance of normal neuronal function are important strategies to prevent and treat AD [12, 26]. The present study showed that H2O2 had cytotoxic effect on PC12 cells and inhibited cell proliferation. DHYZ could antagonize the cytotoxicity and proliferation inhibition of H2O2, suggesting that DHYZ had neuroprotective effect.
Under physiological condition, the body is in an equilibrium state of redox. During oxidative stress, excessive ROS accumulation in cells lead to irreversible mitochondrial permeability, transition pore opening, decreased MMP, release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, successive activation of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3, and apoptosis initiation [27,28,29]. The present study showed that apoptosis of PC12 cells was observed after H2O2 treatment, accompanied by decrease of MMP and increase of Caspase-3 activity, suggesting that H2O2 could induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Upon DHYZ treatment, the effect of H2O2 on apoptosis was antagonized.
ROS is an effector of oxidative stress in cells. The present study showed that H2O2 increased the ROS level in PC12 cells. NAC-mediated inhibition of ROS could antagonize the effects of H2O2 on apoptosis and Caspase-3, suggesting that H2O2 mediated oxidative stress damage in PC12 cells through ROS. Moreover, NAC could also reduce the protective effect of DHYZ on PC12 cells, suggesting that inhibiting ROS was an important mechanism of DHYZ.
ROS can activate ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK signal transduction [24, 25, 30, 31]. ROS can promote ASK1 phosphorylation, activate JNK or p38 MAPK, regulate downstream apoptosis-related proteins, and induce neuronal apoptosis. Inhibiting JNK and MAPK can protect against nerve damage [32, 33]. The present study showed that phosphorylation of ASK1, JNK and p38 MAPK were up-regulated after H2O2 treatment. DHYZ could also inhibit the phosphorylation of ASK1, JNK and p38 MAPK. These obversion suggested that ASK1, JNK and p38 MAPK participated in the effect of DHYZ.
DHYZ is established according to the TCM principles. Shu-Di (prepared root of R. glutinosa (Gaert.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey.) is the Monarch (Jun) herb and used for tonifying kidney. Shi-Chang-Pu (root of A. tatarinowii Schott) and Dan-Shen (root of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge) are the Minister (Chen) herbs and used for dissolving stasis and phlegm, and calming mental-state. Fu-Shen (Poria with hostwood) is the Assistant (Zuo) herb and used for calming spirit. Yi-Zhi-Ren (fruits of A. oxyphylla Miq.) is the Guide (Shi) herb and used as herb for warming kidney. All those herbs are synergistically acted in DHYZ from the perspective of TCM and have showed beneficial for AD treatment [13, 34,35,36,37,38].
The main components of DHYZ including Verbascoside, Catalpinoside, Rehmannioside A, Oxyphyllenodiol A and B, Stigmasterol, Apigenin, Cycloartenol, Trametenolic acid B, Asatone, Bissarcin, Tanshinone IIA and Salvianolic acid B [18,19,20, 36]. Verbascoside protects PC12 cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) induced neurotoxicity via down-regulation of extracellular hydrogen peroxide level [39]. Other compounds, such as Catalpinoside, Rehmannioside A, Stigmasterol, Apigenin, Trametenolic acid B, Asatone, Tanshinone IIA and Salvianolic acid B have showed neuro-protective effect against oxidative stress damage through different mechanism [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. However, the role of those compounds in DHYZ need further explore.
Conclusions
In summary, the present study suggested that DHYZ protected PC12 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage, and its mechanism was related to inhibition of ROS production and ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The present study provided experimental evidence for alleviating oxidative stress damage, preventing and treating AD and neurodegenerative diseases by TCM.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Change history
08 July 2022
This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03665-3
Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- ASK1:
-
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- Aβ:
-
β-amyloid
- CCK-8:
-
Cell counting kit-8
- DCFH-DA:
-
2′, 7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- DHYZ:
-
Di-Huang-Yi-Zhi
- GAPDH:
-
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- IC50:
-
50% inhibitory concentration
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- MMP:
-
Mitochondrial membrane potential
- NAC:
-
N-acetyl-L-cysteine
- OD:
-
Optical density
- OS:
-
Oxidative stress
- p38 MAPK:
-
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PI:
-
Propidium iodide
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RPMI-1640:
-
Roswell Park Memorial Institute – 1640
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TCM:
-
Traditional Chinese medicine
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Acknowledgements
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Funding
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81873246), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality (grant number 18ZR1439900), and Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects of Longhua Hospital (grant number CX201766).
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HMA established the herbal formula; HMA and BH designed the study, coordinated technical support and funding; HB revised the manuscript; LMZ performed the study and drafted the manuscript; RRZ, CG, TLZ, YL and MJ participated the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03665-3"
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Zhang, LM., Zhen, RR., Gu, C. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Chinese medicine Di-Huang-Yi-Zhi protects PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis by regulating ROS-ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK signaling. BMC Complement Med Ther 20, 54 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2834-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2834-8