Mitchell NS, Catenacci VA, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. Obesity: overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34:717–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kosel M, Schlaepfer TE. Beyond the treatment of epilepsy: new applications of vagus nerve stimulation in psychiatry. CNS Spectr. 2003;8:515–21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pardo JV, Sheikh SA, Kuskowski MA, Surerus-Johnson C, Hagen MC, et al. Weight loss during chronic, cervical vagus nerve stimulation in depressed patients with obesity: an observation. Int J Obes. 2007;31:1756–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Burneo JG, Faught E, Knowlton R, Morawetz R, Kuzniecky R. Weight loss associated with vagus nerve stimulation. Neurology. 2002;59:463–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bodenlos JS, Kose S, Borckardt JJ, Nahas Z, Shaw D, O'Neil PM, Pagoto SL, George MS. Vagus nerve stimulation and emotional responses to food among depressed patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2007;1:771–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bodenlos JS, Kose S, Borckardt JJ, Nahas Z, Shaw D, O'Neil PM, George MS. Vagus nerve stimulation acutely alters food craving in adults with depression. Appetite. 2007;48:145–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peuker ET, Filler TJ. The nerve supply of the human auricle. Clin Anat. 2002;15:35–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Lartigue G. Role of the vagus nerve in the development and treatment of diet-induced obesity. J Physiol. 2016;594:5791–815.
Article
PubMed
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Esposito A, Fistetto G, Di Cerbo A, Palmieri B. Aural stimulation as add-on to diet for weight loss: a preliminary clinical study. J Obes Wt Loss Ther. 2012;2:9.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhang CS, Yang AW, Zhang AL, May BH, Xue CC. Sham control methods used in ear-acupuncture/ear-acupressure randomized controlled trials: a systematic review. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20:147–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yeh TL, Chen HH, Pai TP, Liu SJ, Wu SL, Sun FJ, Hwang LC. The effect of auricular acupoint stimulation in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:3080547–62.
Article
Google Scholar
Vijgen GH, Bouvy ND, Leenen L, Rijkers K, Cornips E, Majoie M, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Vagus nerve stimulation increases energy expenditure: relation to brown adipose tissue activity. PLoS One. 2013;8:e77221.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li H, Zhang JB, Xu C, Tang QQ, Shen WX, Zhou JZ, Chen JD, Wang YP. Effects and mechanisms of auricular vagus nerve stimulation on high-fat-diet—induced obese rats. Nutrition. 2015;31:1416–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giordano A, Smorlesi A, Frontini A, Barbatelli G, Cinti S. White, brown and pink adipocytes: the extraordinary plasticity of the adipose organ. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170:R159–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks LM, Ye L, Choi JH, Giang AH, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell. 2012;150:366–76.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, Schrauwen P, Teule GJ. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1500–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1509–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sacks H, Symonds ME. Anatomical locations of human brown adipose tissue: functional relevance and implications in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2013;62:1783–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vijgen GH, Bouvy ND, Teule GJ, Brans B, Schrauwen P, et al. Brown adipose tissue in morbidly obese subjects. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17247.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bonet ML, Oliver P, Palou A. Pharmacological and nutritional agents promoting browning of white adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1831:969–85.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murphy KG, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nature. 2006;444:854–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
He W, Jing XH, Zhu B, Zhu XL, Li L, Bai WZ, Ben H. The auriculo-vagal afferent pathway and its role in seizure suppression in rats. BMC Neurosci. 2013;14:85.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kuo CT, Lin YW, Tang NY, Cheng CY, Hsieh CL. Electric stimulation of the ears ameliorated learning and memory impairment in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20381.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liao ET, Tang NY, Lin YW, Hsieh CL. Long-term electrical stimulation at ear and electro-acupuncture at ST36-ST37 attenuated COX-2 in the CA1 of hippocampus in kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure rats. Sci Rep. 2017;7:472.
Article
PubMed
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu CH, Lin YW, Hsu HC, Liu HJ, Lin WJ, Hsieh CL.. Electroacupuncture at ST36-ST37 and at ear ameliorates hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting in kainic acid-induced epileptic seizure rats. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:756019.
CAS
Google Scholar
Liu D, Hu Y. The central projections of the great auricular nerve primary afferent fibers—an HRP transganglionic tracing method. Brain Res. 1988;445:205–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seale P, Conroe HM, Estall J, Kajimura S, Frontini A, Ishibashi J, et al. Prdm16 determines the thermogenic program of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:96–105.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim S, Sohn I, Ahn JI, Lee KH, Lee YS, Lee YS. Hepatic gene expression profiles in a long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Gene. 2004;340:99–109.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Surwit RS, Kuhn CM, Cochrane C, McCubbin JA, Feinglos MN. Diet-induced type II diabetes in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetes. 1988;37:1163–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen GC, Huang CY, Chang MY, Chen CH, Chen SW, Huang C, Chao PM. Two unhealthy dietary habits featuring a high fat content and a sucrose-containing beverage intake, alone or in combination, on inducing metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats and C57BL/6J mice. Metabolism. 2011;60:155–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen PH, Chen GC, Yang MF, Hsieh CH, Chuang SH, Yang HL, Kuo YH, Chyuan JH, Chao PM. Bitter melon seed oil–attenuated body fat accumulation in diet-induced obese mice is associated with cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation and cell death in white adipose tissue. J Nutr. 2012;142:1197–204.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. NIH publication no. 85–23. In: Revised; 1985.
Google Scholar
Haker E, Egekvist H, Bjerring P. Effect of sensory stimulation (acupuncture) on sympathetic and parasympathetic activities in healthy subjects. J Auton Nerv Syst. 2000;79:52–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giordano A, Frontini A, Castellucci M, Cinti S. Presence and distribution of cholinergic nerves in rat mediastinal brown adipose tissue. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004;52:923–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rothwell NJ, Saville ME, Stock MJ. Acute effects of food, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and noradrenaline on metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue in normal and atropinised lean and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Pflugers Arch. 1981;392:172–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kreier F, Fliers E, Voshol PJ, Van Eden CG, Havekes LM, Kalsbeek A, Van Heijningen CL, Sluiter AA, Mettenleiter TC, Romijn JA, Sauerwein HP, Buijs RM. Selective parasympathetic innervation of subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat — functional implications. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:1243–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Andrews PL, Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. Effects of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on energy balance and thermogenesis in the rat. J Physiol. 1985;362:1–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Follesa P, Biggio F, Gorini G, Caria S, Talani G, Dazzi L, Puligheddu M, Marrosu F, Biggio G. Vagus nerve stimulation increases norepinephrine concentration and the gene expression of BDNF and bFGF in the rat brain. Brain Res. 2007;1179:28–34.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dorr AE, Debonnel G. Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;318:890–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Milby AH, Halpern CH, Baltuch GH. Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy and depression. Neurotherapeutics. 2008;5:75–85.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vida G, Peña G, Deitch EA, Ulloa L. α7-cholinergic receptor mediates vagal induction of splenic norepinephrine. J Immunol. 2011;186:4340–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nagatsu T. Tyrosine hydroxylase: human isoforms, structure and regulation in physiology and pathology. Essays Biochem. 1995;30:15–35.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ogbonnaya S, Kaliaperumal C. Vagal nerve stimulator: evolving trends. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013;4:8–13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gil K, Bugajski A, Kurnik M, Thor P. Electrical chronic vagus nerve stimulation activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats fed high-fat diet. Meuro Endocrinol Lett. 2013;34:314–21.
CAS
Google Scholar
Gil K, Bugajski A, Thor P. Electrical vagus nerve stimulation decreases food consumption and weight gain in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;62:637–46.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ziomber A, Juszczak K, Kaszuba-Zwoinska J, Machowska A, Zaraska K, Gil K, Thor P. Magnetically induced vagus nerve stimulation and feeding behavior in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60:71–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shen EY, Hsieh CL, Chang YH, Lin JG. Observation of sympathomimetic effect of ear acupuncture stimulation for body weight reduction. Am J Chin Med. 2009;37:1023–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar