Table 1 Antiaging biological activities of genus Curcuma

C. caesia

Black turmeric

Antioxidant

DPPH

α-amylase inhibition

18μg/mL for the DPPH assay and 26μg/mL for the α-amylase inhibition assay

DPPH (IC₅₀ = 299.18μg/mL)

α-amylase inhibitory (IC₅₀ = 50.16μg/mL)

[88]

DPPH

48 μg/mL

(IC₅₀ = 1.487μg/mL)

[89]

C. aromatica

Wild turmeric

DPPH, lipid peroxidation assay and protein denaturation inhibition

50 µl extract

DPPH

(IC₅₀ = 0.55 ± 0.02mg/mL)

Lipid peroxidation (IC₅₀ = 0.60 ± 0.10mg/mL). Protein denaturation inhibition (65.97 ± 4.68%)

[90]

C. xanthorrhiza

Javanese turmeric

DPPH

1ml of extract

(IC₅₀ = 0.177–0.615mg/mL)

[91]

DPPH,

CUPRAC (Cupric ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), lipase enzyme inhibition and BCB (β-Carotene Bleaching) methods

–

DPPH (IC₅₀ = 255.36 ± 1.87 µg/mL), CUPRAC (IC₅₀ = 150.42 ± 13.71 µmol QE quercetin/100 g), and Lipase inhibition (115.79 ± 3.44 µg/mL) and BCB (IC₅₀ = 232.15 ± 1.99 µg/mL)

[92]

C. longa

(C. domestica)

––-

Reducing power assay and the cyclic voltammetry technique

2 mL extract extract, 2.50 mL of phosphate buffer (0.20 M, pH = 6.60) was added followed by addition of 2.50 mL of 1% K₃Fe(CN)₆

Reducing power = 45.632 ± 2.026

[93]

C. longa [variety: Ryudai gold (RD) and Okinawa ukon], C. xanthorrhiza, C. aromatica, C. amada and C. zedoaria

––-

DPPH, ORAC and 2-deoxyribose(2-DR) oxidation assay

80 μL samples at different concentrations (10, 25 and 50 μg/mL)

DPPH (IC₅₀ = 26.4μg/mL), ORAC (14,090μmol Trolox equivalent/g extract), reducing power absorbance (0.33) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 7.4μg/mL)

[94]

C. longa

––-

Neuroprotective

Cholinesterase and glycogen synthasekinase-3β inhibition

1 mg/mL extract reached 4.2 μg/mL after dilution with buffer

Weak to moderate acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase inhibition

[95]

C. amada

Mango ginger

Brain of F₁ progeny of Danio rerio (Zebrafish) which has been gestationally exposed to the neurotoxicant nickel chloride

150µg

↓Anxiety behavior in the F₁ progeny of exposed fish co-treated C. amada

Marked improvement in the memory and learning pattern in C. amada-treated fishes

[96]

Curcumin

––-

Diabetic rats’ brains

–

↓Malondialdehyde level in the brain of diabetic rats. Protective effects against glutamate neurotoxicity in the male albino rats

Corrected cognitive impairment

↓Apoptosis in the cerebral cortex

[10]

C. aromatica

Wild turmeric

Anti-inflammatory

Effect on inflammatory mediators

200 μg/mL extract

Inhibit in NF‐κB activity (IC₅₀ = 46.9 ± 8.6)

[97]

C. longa

––-

Albumin denaturation, proteinase inhibitory activity, membrane stabilization and anti-lipoxygenase activity

0.25 mL extract in 2 M borate buffer (pH 9.0)

Significantly ↓ albumin denaturation and proteinase activity

Stabilized RBCs membrane from haemolysis

↓Lipoxygenase activity

[98]

C. singularis Gagnep

––-

Cytotoxic and anti-proliferative

In vitro cytotoxicity against different gastric cancer cell lines

50 μg/mL

Cytotoxicity was concentration-dependent. ↑Bax/Bcl-2 ratio

↑ release of cytochrome C

Activation of caspase-3/-7, caspase-9 and cleavage

[99]

C. longa

(Curcumin in tiny nano-molecules)

––-

mTOR in breast cancer growth

–

Curcumin can act as an anti-cancer drug especially when using lipid-coated nano-particles for better drug delivery

[100, 101]

C. longa

(Curcumin-quercetin in lipid carrier)

––-

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

–

↓AKT/PI3K signaling pathway

↓Cyclin A/D/E expression

Helps G1/G2/M phase arrest

Nanostructured lipid-carriers improved loading capacity of the drug combination and improve site-specific targeting

[102]

C. aeruginosa Roxb

temu hitam

Cytotoxic and anti-proliferative

A-549 human lung adenocarcinoma and HeLa cell lines

5, 10, 20, 40, 80 & 100 µg/ml extract

↑Caspase 3 and 8 expressions

Apoptosis in cancer cells

[66]

C. longa and C. aromatica

––-

Human cervical cancer cell line (MTT assay)

6.25,

12.5, 25, 50 & 100uL/mL extract

Cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ = 6.25-100ul)

[103]

C. caesia Roxb

Black turmeric

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDAH 2) assays and in vitro DNA protection assay

2.5, 5 and 10 µg/ml extract

↓Oxidative DNA damage in vitro

[104]

C. amada

Mango ginger

Immuno-cyto-chemical analysis (expression of apoptosis-associated proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and p53)

–

↑Pro-apoptotic proteins p53and Bax expression in cancer cells

↓Anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression

[105]

C. longa

––-

Anti-hyperlipidemic

Hypercholesterolaemic male albino rats

200mg/kg of the extract orally to rats

The Curcuma extract caused hypolipidemic effect in tested rats.

[106]

C. zedoaria Roscoe

White turmeric or zedoary

Clinical study on human subjects

–

↓Serum total cholesterol after 60 days

Significant increase in HDL-cholesterol after two months.

Pronounced decrease in serum LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides.

[105]