Anti-obesity effect of Neoagaro-oligosaccharides with overweight and obese subjects: a 16-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Table 5 Changes in safety outcomes before and after 16 weeks of intake

Measurements	NAOs group (n = 50)			Placebo group (n = 50)			p-value²⁾
Measurements	Baseline	16 week	p-value¹⁾	Baseline	16 week	p-value¹⁾	p-value²⁾
ALP (IU/L)	181.960 ± 46.979	175.780 ± 44.001	0.047^*	172.140 ± 51.286	163.500 ± 35.514	0.184	0.730
AST (IU/L)	21.560 ± 7.754	22.240 ± 9.544	0.690	20.560 ± 6.168	21.320 ± 9.153	0.556	0.970
ALT (IU/L)	18.920 ± 9.733	21.420 ± 14.058	0.189	20.760 ± 11.559	22.320 ± 17.808	0.525	0.760
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.631 ± 0.249	0.641 ± 0.249	0.730	0.643 ± 0.270	0.590 ± 0.225	0.113	0.153
Total protein (g/dL)	7.150 ± 0.380	6.974 ± 0.416	0.002^**	7.114 ± 0.430	7.000 ± 0.368	0.028^*	0.407
Albumin (g/dL)	4.322 ± 0.267	4.270 ± 0.293	0.167	4.316 ± 0.223	4.274 ± 0.211	0.075	0.819
gamma-GT (IU/L)	20.200 ± 11.019	21.700 ± 15.360	0.213	19.220 ± 8.092	22.280 ± 19.461	0.247	0.589
BUN (mg/dL)	11.838 ± 3.665	11.970 ± 3.039	0.755	11.338 ± 3.270	11.500 ± 3.333	0.740	0.963
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.768 ± 0.117	0.772 ± 0.105	0.766	0.776 ± 0.094	0.760 ± 0.076	0.221	0.285
Glucose (mg/dL)	96.800 ± 7.478	96.160 ± 9.498	0.535	95.360 ± 9.672	95.880 ± 8.578	0.682	0.477
LD (IU/L)	170.860 ± 31.504	173.000 ± 29.956	0.548	168.220 ± 25.471	167.200 ± 22.257	0.755	0.512
CK (IU/L)	157.560 ± 494.237	144.360 ± 363.930	0.879	80.440 ± 34.283	91.520 ± 47.675	0.156	0.784
hs-CRP (mg/L)	1.600 ± 2.330	1.346 ± 1.391	0.324	0.920 ± 0.971	0.948 ± 1.217	0.854	0.345

NAOs, Neoagaro-oligosaccharides; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotrans-ferase; gamma-GT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; LD, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein
Values are presented as the mean ± SD
¹⁾ Analyzed by paired t-test between baseline and 16 weeks within each group (Weeks 0 vs. 16)
²⁾ Analyzed by independent t-test for change value between the groups (NAOs vs. Placebo)
^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01

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