Table 3 Effects of plant extracts at 200 mg/kg dose on changes in urinary excretion (24 h) and serum crystal inhibitors and promoters in male Wistar rats on the 28th day post-treatment. The mixed extract = the combination of A. aspera, S. punctata and R. abyssinicus extracts (1: 1:1 ratio). The data were presented as mean ± SD for 6 rats in each group (n = 6). Comparisons between means were made against Group I (vehicle control) and Group II (lithiatic control). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01,***p < 0.001 indicate significant changes in comparison with Group-I (vehicle control), #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 indicate significant changes in comparison with Group II (lithiatic control)

 I.

Normal control (DH₂O)

2.88 ± 0.63

3.46 ± 0.78

2.60 ± 0.48

5.35 ± 1.12

3.81 ± 0.43

 II.

Lithiatic control

0.96 ± 0.14

1.83 ± 0.51

11.40 ± 3.14

9.71 ± 2.89

12.76 ± 3.62

 II.

K-Cit (2.5 g/kg)

1.52 ± 0.42

4.32 ± 1.43##

6.28 ± 1.15*#

6.73 ± 1.34

7.53 ± 2.02*#

 IV.

Cystone (750 mg/kg)

1.70 ± 0.34

2.21 ± 0.46

5.84 ± 1.23*#

5.31 ± 1.29#

8.29 ± 2.11**

 V.

G. fruticosus PET extract

1.87 ± 0.65

1.98 ± 0.23*

8.11 ± 1.29*

7.04 ± 2.17

7.32 ± 0.91*#

 VI.

G. fruticosus Chl. extract

1.57 ± 0.28

2.37 ± 0.04

7.07 ± 1.16*

8.3 ± 2.62*

7.35 ± 1.40*#

 VII.

G. fruticosus EtOAc extract

3.30 ± 1.21##

3.02 ± 1.12##

6.24 ± 1.35#

5.12 ± 0.98#

4.25 ± 0.53###

 VIII.

G. fruticosus BuOH extract

2.61 ± 0.74#

2.43 ± 0.91

4.17 ± 0.85##

4.10 ± 0.65##

4.39 ± 0.33##

 IX.

G. fruticosus aq. fraction

2.50 ± 0.88#

2.95 ± 0.66#

5.16 ± 0.71#

5.41 ± 1.02#

6.51 ± 1.03*##

 I.

Normal control (DH₂O)

3.07 ± 0.51

5.11 ± 1.33

3.17 ± 0.97

1.78 ± 0.64

1.24 ± 0.21

 II.

Lithiatic control

0.98 ± 0.07

1.20 ± 0.07

11.6 ± 2.13

5.14 ± 1.45

11.32 ± 2.27

 III.

K-Cit (2.5 g/kg)

1.72 ± 0.12

5.41 ± 1.13###

6.11 ± 1.75*#

3.61 ± 0.61*

4.06 ± 0.83*##

 IV.

Cystone (750 mg/kg)

1.50 ± 0.30*

3.00 ± 0.32#

8.24 ± 2.88**

3.33 ± 1.14*

3.57 ± 0.67*###

 V.

G. fruticosus PET extract

0.79 ± 0.08**

2.43 ± 0.79*#

7.44 ± 2.50**

6.78 ± 1.14*

6.75 ± 1.29**#

 VI.

G. fruticosus Chl. extract

1.44 ± 0.19*

0.93 ± 1.19***

8.30 ± 2.11**

4.39 ± 0.87*

7.92 ± 2.31**

 VII.

G. fruticosus EtOAc extract

2.47 ± 0.11#

1.68 ± 1.27**

5.25 ± 1.62#

3.06 ± 0.32*

4.72 ± 0.68**##

 VIII.

G. fruticosus BuOH extract

1.04 ± 0.31**

4.58 ± 1.54##

5.14 ± 0.82#

4.48 ± 1.89*

5.86 ± 2.14**##

 IX.

G. fruticosus aq. fraction

1.87 ± 0.15

2.50 ± 0.92*#

3.42 ± 0.84###

6.03 ± 1.57*

7.10 ± 2.05**