Skip to main content
Download PDF

The association between arterial stiffness and tongue manifestations of blood stasis in patients with type 2 diabetes

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine volume 16, Article number: 324 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a hypercoagulable state and is associated with highly increased risk of vascular complications. In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), these vascular complications are classified as blood stasis. Diagnosis of the tongue plays an important role in TCM; a bluish tongue, petechiae, and engorged sublingual collateral vessels are manifestations of blood stasis. This study aimed to characterize the tongue manifestations of blood stasis and derive a relationship between blood stasis and vascular disorders in patients with type 2 DM.

Method

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 140 patients with type 2 DM, and compared demography, laboratory, physical examination, ankle brachial index(ABI), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), and tongue manifestation datas. An automatic tongue diagnosis system was used to capture tongue images and characterize clinical tongue manifestations.

Results

A bluish or petechiae tongue was assoicated with a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein level, and bluish tongue was associated with significant increase in blood triglyceride in patients with type 2 DM. On assessing arterial stiffness, patients with a petechiae tongue had a higher ba-PWV for both sides (L:1938.41 ± 469.54 cm/sec v.s.1723.99 ± 302.16, p = 0.02; R:1937.28 ± 405.55 v.s.1741.99 ± 325.82, p = 0.03).

Conclusion

Blood stasis, particularly a tongue with petechiae, may be associated with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 DM. Furthermore, tongue diagnosis could detect blood stasis relevant to DM and could serve as a feasible predictor for DM.

Peer Review reports

Background

As the global population increases and ages, diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a major public health concern worldwide [1–3]. DM increases the risk for disability and premature death, and imparts a substantial socioeconomic burden due to the micro- and macro-vascular complications [3]. The long-term micro-vascular complications of DM include retinopathy [4], nephropathy, neuropathy and macro-vascular complications. DM is a hypercoagulable state and is associated with an increased risk of ischemic events; it is also associated with accelerated atherothrombosis [5, 6]. Arterial stiffness is closely related to the progression of DM complications [7]. Consequently, patients with DM have shown a 2- to 4-fold greater risk for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease than those without DM [8]. Thus, vascular complications and arterial stiffness due to poor blood circulation should be closely monitored in patients with DM.

Blood stasis is one of the most important pathological concepts in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) [9]. Blood stasis is characterized as a disorder of blood circulation with hallmarks including extravagated or sluggish blood circulation and viscous or congested blood; all of these hallmarks may contribute to various disease pathologies [10]. Many diseases lead to blood stasis, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebral vascular accidents, and DM [11]. Blood stasis is often accompanied by characteristic symptoms, such as pain in a fixed position, a dark-purple colored face, infraorbital darkness, a bluish tongue, an engorged sublingual varicosis, petechiae tongue, or an astringent pulse [12].

Tongue diagnosis is important in TCM [13]. The tongue is connected to the internal organs through the meridians; thus the conditions of the organs, qi, blood, and bodily fluids, as well as the degree and progression of disease, are manifested in the tongue [14]. Clinically, practitioners observe tongue characteristics, such as tongue color and shape, fur color and thickness, and the amount of saliva, to deduce the primary ailment of a patient [15]. A bluish tongue, petechiae and engorged sublingual collateral vessels are potential tongue manifestations of blood stasis [16]. Tongue diagnosis is helpful in detecting blood stasis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and could serve as a feasible predictor of RA [17].

However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has focused on tongue diagnosis in patients with type 2 DM, despite the theoretical and clinical applications. This study aimed to investigate the tongue characteristics of and relationship between blood stasis and vascular disorders in patients with type 2 DM.

Methods

Patients

We conducted across-sectional study and recruited patients with type 2 DM from the Department of Chinese Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, between January 2012 and December 2013. We excluded patients with type 1 DM or type 2 DM who had cancer. One hundred and forty eligible patients with type 2 DM were enrolled. The purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study were thoroughly explained to the patients. The personal details and photographs of the patients were kept confidential, and all participants signed consent for publication. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Changhua Christian Hospital (IRB#:111106).

Data collection

Patient metadata were collected (i.e., sex, age, weight, height, history of DM, and any micro-vascular complications). Physical examinations included blood pressure, body mass index(BMI), waistline, hipline, foot examination, ankle brachial index (ABI), and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV). Ba-PWV is a direct measurement of aortic stiffness and is the gold standard of arterial stiffness measurements [18]. ABI is a non-invasive method that assesses the patency of peripheral occlusive arterial disease [19]. Routine biological blood tests included hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood-glucose level, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine (Cr), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels.

Tongue photographs and procedures

An automatic tongue diagnosis system was developed to capture tongue images. The consistency and stability of image capturing relies on the brightness and color calibration to compensate for variations, such as intensity and color temperature of light source as well as imaging hardware [15, 16]. Analysis of tongue images was conducted by Chinese medical physicians who had 3–5 years of clinical experience in the Chinese medicine department of Changhua Christian Hospital (CCH), Taiwan. The physicians attended regularly meetings over the past two years and examined over 1000 tongue images from CCH outpatients. Tongue images were identified according to nine primary tongue features: tongue body shape (i.e., small, median, enlarged), tongue body color (i.e., pale, pink red, red), tongue characteristics (i.e., spots, petechiae, teeth-marks, fissures), bluish tongue (i.e., yes, no), fur color (i.e., white, yellow), fur thickness (i.e., peeled, thin, thick), saliva (i.e., dry mouth, normal, wet mouth), and sublingual collateral vessels (i.e., normal, engorged) [15]. Tongue diagnosis followed a standardized protocol (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure1

Standard processing flowchart for tongue diagnosis

Full size image

Data analysis

The statistical analysis of datawas performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (IBM Co., New York, NC, USA). After determining if that data was normal (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), Student’s t tests were used to determine differences between continuous variables. Regression models were used to analyze the relationship between the change in ba-PWV and patients possessing tongue manifestations of blood stasis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Result

The characteristics of the 140 patients with type 2 DM were 40 % males (56 patients) and 60 % females (84 patients), the average age was 62.95 ± 11.10 years old (range of 33 to 87 years); the mean BMI was 25.94 ± 3.93 kg/m2 , and mean HbA1C was 7.03 ± 1.08 % (Table 1). The duration of DM course in the patients was 2 to 35 years, with an average of 13.57 ± 8.54 years. Twenty-eight (20.0 %) of study patientshad retinopathy; fifty patients (35.7 %) had nephropathy and seventeen patinets (12.1 %) had neuropathy.

Table 1 Characteristics of 140 patients with type 2 diabetes
Full size table

Tongue inspection refers to the visual examination of tongue body shape, tongue color, fur color, and fur thickness, as well as other characteristics. The tongue body shape was classified as median (n = 123, 87.9 %), enlarged (n = 15, 10.7 %), and small (n = 2, 2.4 %) (Table 2). The tongue body color was pink red (n = 86, 65.2 %), red (n = 31, 23.5 %), or pale (n = 15 ,11.4 %). Other characteristics observed on the tongue surface included teeth-marks (n = 80, 57.1 %), fissures (n = 33, 23.6 %), spots (n = 32, 22.9 %) and petechiae (n = 22,15.7 %). A bluish toned tongue may indicate a problem with blood circulation (n = 34, 24.3 %). The classifications of fur color and thickness were white (n = 97, 73.5 %) or yellow (n = 35, 26.5 %) and thin fur (n = 64, 47.1 %), thick fur (n = 64, 47.1 %), or peeled fur (n = 8, 5.9 %), respectively. The amount of saliva observed was normal (n = 110, 80.9 %), dry (n = 20, 14.7 %), or wet (n = 6, 4.4 %). There were 99 patients (73.3 %) with engorged sublingual collateral vessels.

Table 2 Tongue manifestations of patients with type 2 diabetes
Full size table

According to the TCM theory, a bluish tongue, petechiae, and engorged sublingual collateral vessels are potential manifestations of blood stasis (Fig. 2). Therefore, the physical examinations and laboratory data were further examined to address the relationship between vascular disorders and blood stasis related to tongue characteristics (i.e., bluish tongue, petechiae, or engorged sublingual collateral vessels; Table 3). A bluish tongue was correlated with significant decrease in HDL (p = 0.03) and a significant increase in TG (p = 0.04) in the lipid profile (Table 3). Interestingly, both the left- and right-side ba-PWV (L: 1938.41 ± 469.54 cm/sec v.s. 1723.99 ± 302.16 cm/sec, p = 0.02; R: 1937.28 ± 405.55 cm/sec v.s. 1741.99 ± 325.82 cm/sec, p = 0.03) were significantly higher in patients with a petechiae tongue than in patients with type 2 DM.

Fig. 2
figure2

Representative images of tongue manifestations: (a) normal tongue; (b) petechiae tongue; (c) bluish tongue, and; (d) engorged sublingual collateral vessels

Full size image
Table 3 Comparison of physical examinations and laboratory data of patients with type 2 diabetes with and without tongue manifestations of blood stasis
Full size table

Discussion

The core of assessment in Chinese medicine is “pattern identification/syndrome differentiation and treatment” based on inspection, listening and smelling examinations, inquiry, and palpation. Inspection is the most important of the four assessments, and tongue assessment is a crucial part of observation. Tongue appearance is a crucial indicator of physiological and pathological changes to the internal organs [19]. Studies have shown that tongue diagnosis plays an important role in clinical prognosis of RA and DM [15, 16, 20–22].

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply TCM tongue diagnosis to the survey of patients with type 2 DM. Tongue inspection refers to the shape, color, and fur color, and fur thickness, as well as other characteristics [23]. In patients with DM, buccal alterations can be easily observed with adequate glycemic control. Dry mouth is generally associated with decreased saliva production and is present in 10 to 30 % patients with DM; in these patients, a coated tongue is also observed [24]. In TCM, diabetes-related symptoms are referred to as “Xiaoke”, which means increased thirst (or polydipsia), since as long as 2000 years [25]. Furthermore, we show that 47.1 % of patients possessed a coated tongue (i.e., thick fur). According to the TCM theory, tongue fur indicates the Yang organs, especially the digestive system. Thick fur is usually associated with phlegm-dampness and patterns of blood stasis [26]. Thus, understanding and interpreting these tongue manifestations of DM by TCM are important for both in theoretical and clinical applications.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a noninvasive clinical index of arterial stiffness. Arterial pulse wave velocity reflects the stiffness of arteries, and serves as an indicator of atherosclerosis [27, 28]. Arterial stiffness is an age-related process that is present in numerous diseases, including DM. The PWV of patients with DM is higher than that of healthy subjects [29]. According to previous studies, ba-PWV ≥ 1600 cm/sec is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and vascular complications [30]. Here, we observed an average ba-PWV above 1700 cm/sec in patients with type 2 DM; this implies arterial stiffness.

Tongue manifestations are important features for detecting blood stasis [17]. Our study revealed that the tongue manifestations of blood stasis (i.e., petechiae tongue, bluish tongue, or engorged sublingual collateral vessels) corresponded to higher ba-PWV, particularly for patients with petechiae tongue. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between the change of ba-PWV and the number of blood stasis tongue manifestations. The results showed that patients possessing increased blood stasis tongue manifestations had significantly increased mean ba-PWV (78.8 cm/sec; p = 0.037). This suggests that patients with type 2 DM have increased blood stasis tongue manifestations that are correlated with severe arterial stiffness.

There were several limitations of our study. First, the sample size was relatively small. Second, we did not enroll healthy controls or patients with type 1 DM; this is because most patients with type 1 DM only use conventional medicine (i.e., insulin injection) and do not utilized TCM as a complementary therapy. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes, including healthy subjects as well as type 1 and type 2 DM groups, are required to determine the relationship between tongue manifestations and disease. This proposed study can provide a rationale for a wider use of tongue diagnosis in clinical practice.

Conclusion

Blood stasis of the tongue, particularly petechiae tongue, is associated with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 DM. Tongue diagnosis is helpful for detecting blood stasis and could serve as a feasible predictor of DM.

Abbreviations

ABI:

Ankle brachial index

AC sugar:

Fasting blood-glucose level

baPWV:

Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity

BMI:

Body mass index

CCH:

Changhua Christian Hospital

Cr:

Creatinine

GOT:

Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase

GPT:

Glutamate pyruvate transaminase

HbA1c:

Hemoglobin A1c

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

TCM:

Traditional Chinese medicine

TG:

Triglyceride

References

  1. 1.

    Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, Shan Z, Liu J, Tian H, Ji Q, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(12):1090–101.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Engelgau MM, Geiss LS, Saaddine JB, Boyle JP, Benjamin SM, Gregg EW, Tierney EF, Rios-Burrows N, Mokdad AH, Ford ES, et al. The evolving diabetes burden in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(11):945–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Chen SY, Hsu YM, Lin YJ, Huang YC, Chen CJ, Lin WD, Liao WL, Chen YT, Lin WY, Liu YH, Yang JS, Sheu JC, Tsai FJ. Current concepts regarding developmental mechanisms in diabetic retinopathy in Taiwan. Biomed (Taipei). 2016;6(2):1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Jung JH, Tantry US, Gurbel PA, Jeong YH. Current antiplatelet treatment strategy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(2):95–113.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Creager MA, Luscher TF, Cosentino F, Beckman JA. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part I. Circulation. 2003;108(12):1527–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Prenner SB, Chirinos JA. Arterial stiffness in diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2015;238(2):370–9.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Emerging Risk Factors C, Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Ingelsson E, Lawlor DA, Selvin E, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2215–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Kaptchuk TJ. Chinese medicine : the web that has no weaver. London: Rider; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Lee JA, Park TY, Lee J, Moon TW, Choi J, Kang BK, Ko MM, Lee MS. Developing indicators of pattern identification in patients with stroke using traditional Korean medicine. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:136.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Park B, You S, Jung J, Lee JA, Yun KJ, Lee MS. Korean studies on blood stasis: an overview. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2015;2015:316872.

    Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Park YJ, Yang DH, Lee JM, Park YB. Development of a valid and reliable blood stasis questionnaire and its relationship to heart rate variability. Complement Ther Med. 2013;21(6):633–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Luo L, Jiang Y. Lin chuang wang she cai se tu jie=Traditional Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis. Zhang hua shi: Luo lun qian, jiang yi wu; 2010.

  14. 14.

    Lo LC, Chen YF, Chen WJ, Cheng TL, Chiang JY. The study on the agreement between automatic tongue diagnosis system and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:505063.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Liao PY, Hsu PC, Chen JM, Chiang JY, Lo LC. Diabetes with pyogenic liver abscess--A perspective on tongue assessment in traditional Chinese medicine. Complement Ther Med. 2014;22(2):341–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Lo LC, Chiang JY. Traditional Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis. Changhua city: Lun-Chien lo, John. Y. Chiang; 2010.

  17. 17.

    Lo LC, Chen CY, Chiang JY, Cheng TL, Lin HJ, Chang HH. Tongue diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine for rheumatoid arthritis. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013;10(5):360–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, Pannier B, Vlachopoulos C, Wilkinson I, Struijker-Boudier H, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(21):2588–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Zheng ZJ, Sharrett AR, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD, Nieto FJ, Sheps DS, Dobs A, Evans GW, Heiss G. Associations of ankle-brachial index with clinical coronary heart disease, stroke and preclinical carotid and popliteal atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Atherosclerosis. 1997;131(1):115–25.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Jiang M, Zha Q, Lu C, He Y, Lu A. Association between tongue appearance in Traditional Chinese Medicine and effective response in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Complement Ther Med. 2011;19(3):115–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    He Y, Lu A, Zha Y, Tsang I. Differential effect on symptoms treated with traditional Chinese medicine and western combination therapy in RA patients. Complement Ther Med. 2008;16(4):206–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Jiang WY. Therapeutic wisdom in traditional Chinese medicine: a perspective from modern science. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005;26(11):558–63.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Lo LC, Chiang JY, Cheng TL, Shieh PS. Visual agreement analyses of traditional chinese medicine: a multiple-dimensional scaling approach. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:516473.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Negrato CA, Tarzia O. Buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metabol Syndr. 2010;2:3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Tong XL, Dong L, Chen L, Zhen Z. Treatment of diabetes using traditional Chinese medicine: past, present and future. Am J Chin Med. 2012;40(5):877–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. 26

    Anastasi JK, Currie LM, Kim GH. Understanding diagnostic reasoning in TCM practice: tongue diagnosis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2009;15(3):18–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. 27

    Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, Ducimetiere P, Benetos A. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001;37(5):1236–41.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. 28

    O'Rourke M. Mechanical principles in arterial disease. Hypertension. 1995;26(1):2–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. 29

    Taniwaki H, Kawagishi T, Emoto M, Shoji T, Kanda H, Maekawa K, Nishizawa Y, Morii H. Correlation between the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and aortic pulse-wave velocity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Vessel wall properties in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(11):1851–7.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. 30

    Ha BK, Kim BG, Kim DH, Lee SI, Jung SM, Park JY, Lee CW, Kim SS, Kim BH, Kim IJ. Relationships between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diab Metabol J. 2012;36(6):443–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all of the colleagues who contributed to this study.

Funding

This study was supported in part by China Medical University Hospital, Taichung Taiwan (DMR-105-094), and in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW105-TDU-B-212-133019) and CMU under the Aim for Top University Plan of the Ministry of Education, Taiwan.

Availability of data and materials

All the data is contained in the manuscript.

Authors’ contributions

PCH, JYC, and LCL conceived the study. PCH, PYL, and LCL conducted the study. YCH performed the statistical analysis. PCH ,HHC and LCL led the writing of the manuscript. All authors commented on the analytic plan and interpretation, and contribution to the editing and final approval of the manuscript.

Competing interests

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Consent for publication

Informed consent documents were obtained for publication of these figures and photographs in the article.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Changhua Christian Hospital. All participants in the study signed informed consent documents.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Po-Chi Hsu

  2. Department of Chinese Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135 Nanxiao St., Changhua, Taiwan

    Po-Chi Hsu & Lun-Chien Lo

  3. School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung, Taiwan

    Yu-Chuen Huang & Hen-Hong Chang

  4. Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

    Yu-Chuen Huang

  5. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

    John Y. Chiang

  6. Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

    John Y. Chiang

  7. Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Hen-Hong Chang

  8. Department of Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, No.135 Nanxiao St., Changhua, Taiwan

    Pei-Yung Liao

  9. Graduate Institute of Statistical and informational Science, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan

    Lun-Chien Lo

Authors
  1. Po-Chi Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yu-Chuen Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John Y. Chiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hen-Hong Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pei-Yung Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lun-Chien Lo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yu-Chuen Huang or Pei-Yung Liao or Lun-Chien Lo.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hsu, PC., Huang, YC., Chiang, J.Y. et al. The association between arterial stiffness and tongue manifestations of blood stasis in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Complement Altern Med 16, 324 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1308-5

Download citation

Keywords

  • Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
  • Diabetes mellitus (DM)
  • Tongue diagnosis
  • Blood stasis
  • Arterial stiffness,and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV)

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

ISSN: 2662-7671

Contact us