Skip to main content
Download PDF

Chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of essential oil of Rumex hastatus D. Don collected from the North West of Pakistan

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine volume 16, Article number: 29 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Ethnomedicinally Rumex hastatus D. Don has been used since long for various ailments especially in neurological disorders. The reported data and the importance of Rumex genus demonstrate the vital medicinal value of R. hastatus.

Methods

In the current investigational study, isolation of essential oil and its antioxidant and anticholinesterase assays were performed. The essential oil of R. hastatus was analyzed by GC-MS for the first time. The essential oil was evaluated for anticholinesterase and antioxidant assays. The anticholinesterase assay was conducted at various concentrations (62.5 to 1000 μg/ml) against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Similarly, the antioxidant potential was determined using DPPH and ABTS free radicals.

Results

The GC-MS analysis of essential oil showed 123 components. The result recorded for the anticholinesterase assays demonstrated a marked potential against AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 32.54 and 97.38 μg/ml respectively which were comparable with the positive control i.e., galanthamine (AChE, IC50 = 4.73 μg/ml and BChE, IC50 = 11.09 μg/ml). The antioxidant assays against DPPH and ABTS free radicals also exhibited significant scavenging potential with IC50 values of 3.71 and 6.29 μg/ml respectively, while for ascorbic acid the IC50 value was <0.1 μg/ml against both free radicals.

Conclusions

Based on the current investigational studies, it may be concluded that R. hastatus is an effective source of essential oil's components having anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials, which after subjecting to drug development may lead to novel drug candidates against neurodegenerative disorders.

Peer Review reports

Background

A brief history of medicine demonstrates the use of herbal medicine for the effective treatment of various ailments. Herbal medicine has been used since long in various forms including the decoction, powdered sample, oleoresins, crude extracts, fixed oil, essential oil etc [1]. Various plants have been used in multiple types of food items for preservation and therapeutic effects [2]. In this regards, essential oils have been manifested by several reporters to play a major role. Essential oils have the property to attenuate the effects of free radicals, e.g, reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are derived from metabolism of oxygen and exogenous agents [3]. ROS are responsible for wide variety of diseased conditions including oxidative stress and nervous disorders [4]. Essential oils are well-known for their radicals scavenging properties and amelioration of various cognitive disorders. Among the cognitive disorders, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common in elderly people [5]. One of the best therapeutic approaches for AD is to increase the concentration of the neurotransmitter (Acetylcholine) by inhibiting the enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) responsible for its breakdown. Various drugs originated either from natural or synthetic sources are being used for the management of AD and other nervous disorders [6]. Similarly, it has also been reported that oxidative stress are responsible for wide variety of mental diseases due to neuronal degeneration and other factors. Oxidative stress is mainly developed due to increase in concentration of free radicals within the body. The free radicals have been reported by numerous researchers to possess multiple destructive properties, due to which interest has been focused to scavenge the free radicals somehow and avoid their deteriorating effects [7]. In this context, investigators are trying to explore more and more sources of natural and synthetic bioactive principles [8]. The natural drugs are being preferred over the synthetic due to their negligible harmful and deleterious effects [9]. That’s why researchers are trying to explore novel sources of natural medicine [10–18]. Among the natural sources, herbal medicines have been shown promising results due to the presence of numerous secondary metabolites and essential oils. Essential oils isolated from various plants have been reported to possess marked acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and radicals scavenging potential [19–21]. Traditional knowledge also demonstrates the use of essential oils for various nervous system disorders [22].

R. hastatus D. Don belongs to the family Polygonaceae. Various members of this family have been reported to be used against paralysis, headache and other nervous system disorders [23–26]. Various solvent samples of R. hastatus have recently been reported to possess strong anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials [26]. To date, the chemical composition of essential oil of R. hastatus has not been reported or evaluated for any pharmacological activity. Based on the literature survey and medicinal importance of R. hastatus, the current investigational study is arranged to isolate the essential oil, analyze the chemical composition and to evaluate for the anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials, which may be a possible remedy for oxidative stress and nervous system disorder.

Methods

Plant sample collection

The aerial parts of R. hastatus were collected from the proximity of University of Malakand. The plant was identified by plant taxonomist Ali Hazrat and deposited with voucher number (1015SJ) in the herbarium of Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), KPK, Pakistan. Extraction of essential oil of R. hastatus was performed by hydrodistillation using clevenger type apparatus [27]. The essential oil obtained was stored at -20 °C until required.

Chemicals and drugs

DPPH (Sigma Aldrich CHEMIE GmbH USA, code 101341986), K2S2O4 (Riedel-de Haen Germany), ABTS (Sigma Aldrich USA, code 1001551916), Gallic acid (GmbH USA), Folin Ciocalteu reagent (Merck Co. Germany). AChE (Electric eel type-VI-S, Sigma-Aldrich GmbH USA, code 1001596210), BChE (Equine serum Lyophilized Sigma-Aldrich GmbH USA, code 101292670), Acetylthiocholine iodide (Sigma-Aldrich UK, code 101303874), Butyrylthiocholine Iodide (Sigma-Aldrich Switzerland, code 101334643), DTNB (Sigma-Aldrich Germany, code 101261619), Galanthamine hydrobromide Lycoris Sp. (Sigma-Aldrich France, code G1660). K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KOH. All the chemical used were of analytical grade.

Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis

The GC analysis of essential oil was carried out via gas chromatograph Agilent USB-393752 (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) with HHP-5MS 5 % phenylmethyl siloxane capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm film thickness; Restek, Bellefonte, PA) connected with FID detector. The oven was set at temperature of 70 °C for one minute and then increased to 180 °C at the rate of 6 °C/min for 5 min and lastly to 280 °C at the rate of 5 °C/min for 20 min. The temperature of injector and detector were maintained at 220 °C and 290 °C correspondingly. The flow rate of carrier gas i.e., Helium was 1 ml/min and the diluted samples (1/1000 in n-pentane, v/v) of 1 μl were manually injected in the split-less mode.

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis

The GC/MS of the essential oil was performed via USB-393752 gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) with a HHP-5MS 5 % phenylmethyl siloxane capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm film thickness; Restek, Bellefonte, PA) outfitted with an Agilent HP-5973 mass selective detector in the electron impact mode (Ionization energy: 70 eV) working under the experimental conditions as those maintained for GC.

Identification of components

The recognition of all the major constituents of oil was performed by comparing their retention times with the authentic compounds in the literature. Identification of compounds was further processed through the spectral data obtained from the Wiley and NIST libraries as well as fragmentation patterns’ comparisons of the mass spectra with data reported in literature or with those of mass spectra from literature [28, 29]. Each determination was processed in duplicate.

Anticholinesterase assays

Anticholinesterase (AChE and BChE inhibitions) activity was performed for the essential oil of R. hastatus by spectrophotometric analysis following the method of Ellman's assay [30]. The substrates used were acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide. Briefly, 5 μL of 0.03 U/mL AChE and 0.01 U/mL BChE were taken in a cuvette and 205 μL of essential oil having concentration of 62.5–1000 μg/mL were transferred to them using micropipette. Similarly, 5 μLof DTNB was also added to this afterwards. The mixtures obtained were kept in water bath for 15 min at the temperature of 30 °C. After incubation, 5 μL of the Substrates were added to the mixture to optimize the reaction. A double beam spectrophotometer was used to measure the reaction time at 412 nm via a double beam spectrophotometer (Thermo electron corporation USA). Absorption values were obtained for 4 min. Meanwhile, the yellow colored mixtures indicated the formation of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate anion as a reaction product of thiocholines and DTNB. White assay was also performed without enzymes and plant samples to check the non-enzymatic hydrolysis of substrate. The mixture which contained all the components excluding essential oil was marked as control. Percent enzyme activity and percent inhibition were recorded as follows.

$$ \mathrm{V} = \frac{\varDelta \mathrm{Abs}}{\varDelta \mathrm{t}} $$
$$ \%\ \mathrm{enzyme}\ \mathrm{activity} = \frac{\mathrm{V}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\max }}\times 100 $$
$$ \%\ \mathrm{enzyme}\ \mathrm{inhibition}=100-\%\ \mathrm{enzyme}\ \mathrm{activity} $$

(Where V symbolizes the rate of reaction in the presence of inhibitor and Vmax stands for rate of reaction without inhibitor)

DPPH radical scavenging assay

The DPPH radical scavenging potential was evaluated for essential oil of R. hastatus following previously described procedure [31]. DPPH solution (0.004 %) was prepared in methanol to get a deep violet colored solution. Similarly, stock solution of essential oil was prepared in ethanol having concentration of 1 mg/mL. The stock solution was serially diluted to get the concentrations of 62.5 to 1000 μg/mL. Afterwards, 0.1 mL of each concentration was added to the 3 mL of DPPH solution. The mixture obtained was incubated at 23 °C for 30 min in dark. After incubation the absorbance of each sample were recorded at the wavelength of 517 nm using double beam spectrophotometer. Ascorbic acid was used as positive control. All the samples were processed in triplicates and the percent activity was recorded as mean ± SEM. The percent radical scavenging potential was figured out using the following formula;

$$ \%\ \mathrm{scavenging}=\frac{\mathrm{absorption}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{control}-\mathrm{absorption}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{test}\ \mathrm{sample}}{\mathrm{absorption}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{control}}\times 100 $$

ABTS radical scavenging assay

The 2, 2-azinobis [3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radicals scavenging assay of the essential oil was evaluated followed standard procedure [11]. ABTS solution 7 mM and potassium persulfate solution 2.45 mM were prepared and mixed thoroughly. The solution prepared was put in dark overnight for the production of free radicals. After incubation time the absorbance of solution was adjusted at 745 nm to 0.7 by the addition of 50 % methanol. Test samples having volume of 300 μl was taken in a test tube and 3 mL ABTS solution was added to it. The solution was transferred to the cuvette and absorbance values were taken for six minutes using double beam spectrophotometer. Ascorbic acid was used as positive control. All the samples were run in triplicate and percent ABTS radical scavenging potential was figured out using the following formula;

$$ \%\ \mathrm{scavenging}\ \mathrm{activity}=\frac{\mathrm{control}\ \mathrm{absorbance}-\mathrm{sample}\ \mathrm{absorbance}}{\mathrm{control}\ \mathrm{absorbance}}\times 100 $$

Estimation of IC50 values

The median inhibitory concentration i.e., IC50 values of AChE, BChE, DPPH and ABTS were determined by a linear regression analysis of the percent inhibition versus the concentrations of test samples through MS Excel program.

Statistical data analysis

All the tests were conducted in triplicate and the values were tabulated as mean ± S.E.M. Significant difference of the percent inhibition of various test samples was analyzed via two way ANOVA following Bonferroni’s post test using GraphPad Prism software in which the P < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results and discussion

In the current investigational study the radical scavenging potential of volatile oil was studied based on spectrophotometric analysis. The sources of free radicals employed were DPPH and ABTS, which have maximum absorbance values at 517 nm and 745 nm respectively. After getting scavenged by antioxidant compounds the colors of DPPH (violet) and ABTS (blue) solution change into yellow. Change in the color results in decrease of absorbance values which is directly proportional to the amount of radical scavenging compounds in the solution [32, 33].

Similarly, the anticholinesterase activity is based on the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylcholine iodide by the formation of the yellow 5-thio-2- nitrobenzoate anion as a result of the reaction of DTNB with thiocholines, catalyzed by enzymes at a wavelength of 412 nm using spectrophotometer or microplate reader. Acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide work as substrate of the reaction, while the DTNB is utilized for the measurement of cholinesterase activity. The percent inhibition of enzymatic activity is calculated from the rate of change in absorption of the reaction mixture [34].

The available literature on etiology of diseases demonstrate multiple causative agents responsible for specific disease [35]. In the context of Alzheimer’s disease, numerous investigators have reported the role of various causative agents along with various successful approaches [36]. Like all neurodegenerative disorders, the free radicals have a prominent role in the induction and progression of AD [37]. By avoiding or attenuating the causative agents one can hinder the progression of a specific disease. In case of neurodegenerative disorders, the scavenging of free radicals can be a vital target. Various researchers have demonstrated the effective role of natural antioxidants especially the essential oils to combat the free radicals [38]. Similarly, one of the most widely employed treatment strategies for AD i.e., the inhibition of AChE to increase the concentration of neurotransmitter is highly recommended [39]. In this regard, essential oils are being investigated by advanced researchers with better results. Essential oils obtained from various plants possess marked anti-Alzheimer’s potential due to the presence of wide variety of valuable compounds in it [40, 41]. The anticholinesterase potential of essential oil of Rumex hastatus has been summarized in the Table 1, while the Table 2 shows various parameters of the compounds present in the essential oil of this plant. The GC-MS analysis of essential oil of R. hastatus demonstrates a total of 123 components as shown in Table 3. The anticholinesterase activity of essential oil of R. hastatus might be due to its hydrophobic nature because of the good affinity of hydrophobic active site of AChE [42, 43]. Some of the most common components of essential oils i.e., palmitic acid, myristic acid, pelargic acid, capric acid, docosane, cetane, velleral, acetone, methyl palmitate, widdrol, isolongifolol, ophytadiene, drimenol and levulinic acid have been found in the essential oil of R. hastatus. Some of these components have been reported previously by other investigators to possess antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials [44–49]. The percent antioxidant potential of essential oil is illustrated in the Fig. 1. The peaks given in the Table 2 shows various volatile compounds like 5-ethyl-2(5H)-furanone, trimethylacetic anhydride, cyclooctanone, 5-methyl-3-heptanol, methyl 2-vinylbutanoate, 2-(p-methylphenyl)-2-nitropropne, azelaaldehydic acid, 2,4,6-trimethyloctane and trans-3-nonen-2-one with retention times of 6.447, 6.818, 10.958, 11.363, 11.761, 12.97, 13.171, 13.308, 15.063 and 19.213 min respectively. Going to the detail of various components of essential oil of R. hastatus, it is clear that the marked anticholinesterase potential shown by essential oil is observed due to the presence of wide variety of compounds in it. Essential oil demonstrated 74.90, 71.70, 67.26, 61.64, 54.32 % AChE inhibition at 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5 μg/ml respectively. Similarly, the BChE inhibition exhibited by essential oil was recorded as 71.32, 66.33, 46.32, 52.73, 57.00 % at 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5 μg/ml respectively. The essential oil attain IC50 values of 32.54 and 97.38 μg/ml for AChE and BChE inhibitions respectively. The anticholinesterase potential shown by essential oil goes parallel with the positive control which is also obvious from the Fig. 2 (a & b) with the correlation coefficient of 0.961 and 0.988 for essential oil versus AChE and BChE respectively. Apart from the anticholinesterase potential of essential oil, the antioxidant potential of essential oil of various plants has been reported with discrimination by various investigators [50, 51]. In our current investigational study, the free radicals scavenging assay of essential oil of R. hastatus against DPPH and ABTS was significant and almost comparable with the positive control. From Fig. 1, it is clear that essential oil exhibited marked potential with IC50 of 3.71 and 6.29 μg/ml against DPPH and ABTS respectively, which is also comparable with the previously reported literature. The previously reported data of R. hastatus verifies its anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials which may be linked to the current investigational studies [26].

Table 1 Anticholinesterase activity of essential oil of Rumex hastatus at various concentrations
Full size table
Table 2 Parameters of various components of essential oil of Rumex hastatus
Full size table
Table 3 List of components of essential oil of Rumexhastatus
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Antioxidant potential of essential of Rumex hastatus against DPPH and ABTS

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

a. Regression and correlation of percent BChE inhibition of essential oil Vs Galanthamine. b. Regression and correlation of percent AChE inhibition of essential oil Vs Galanthamine

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Structures of some important components of essential oil of Rumex hastatus

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

GC-MS Chromatogram of essential oil of Rumex hastatus

Full size image

Some important components of essential oil and the chromatogram have been given in Figs. 3 and 4 respectively.

Conclusion

Essential oil isolated for the first time from the R. hastatus and its chemical composition demonstrates that R. hastatus is a source of valuable volatile components. Based on the anticholinesterase and antioxidant results of essential oil, it can be concluded that R. hastatus plant may be an effective source of compounds which may lead to possible palliative therapy and cure of oxidative stresses and neurodegenerative diseases.

References

  1. Van Wyk B-E, Wink M. Medicinal plants of the world: an illustrated scientific guide to important medicinal plants and their uses: Timber Press; Portland, USA 2004.

  2. Samant S, Palni L, Kumar S, Kukreja A, Dwivedi S, Singh A. Diversity, distribution and indigenous uses of essential oil-yielding medicinal plants of the Indian Himalayan region. J Med Arom Plant Sci. 2000;22(1B):671–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ruberto G, Baratta MT. Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chem. 2000;69(2):167–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kumar H, Lim H-W, More SV, Kim B-W, Koppula S, Kim IS, et al. The role of free radicals in the aging brain and Parkinson’s disease: convergence and parallelism. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(8):10478–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Med. 2007;73(3):283.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Small GW, Rabins PV, Barry PP, Buckholtz NS, DeKosky ST, Ferris SH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders: consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association, and the American Geriatrics Society. JAMA. 1997;278(16):1363–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jensen SJK. Oxidative stress and free radicals. J Mol Struct. 2003;666:387–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sadiq A, Mahmood F, Ullah F, Ayaz M, Ahmad S, Haq FU, et al. Synthesis, anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of ketoesters derivatives of succinimides: a possible role in the management of Alzheimer’s. Chem Cent J. 2015;9(1):31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Vari R, Filesi C, Giovannini C. Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr Biochem. 2005;16(10):577–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ayaz M, Junaid M, Subhan F, Ullah F, Sadiq A, Ahmad S, et al. Heavy metals analysis, phytochemical, phytotoxic and anthelmintic investigations of crude methanolic extract, subsequent fractions and crude saponins from Polygonum hydropiper L. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):465.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Ullah F, Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Hussain A, Ahmad S, Imran M, et al. Phenolic, flavonoid contents, anticholinesterase and antioxidant evaluation of Iris germanica var; florentina. Nat Prod Res. 2015;13:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ullah I, Subhan F, Ayaz M, Shah R, Ali G, Haq IU, et al. Anti-emetic mechanisms of Zingiber officinale against cisplatin induced emesis in the pigeon; behavioral and neurochemical correlates. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15(1):34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Sadiq A, Khan S, Shah SMH. Larvicidal, insecticidal, brine shrimp cytotoxicity and anti-oxidant activities of Diospyros kaki (L.) reported from Pakistan. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015;28(4):1239–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Shah S, Sadiq A, Gul F. Antibacterial potential of methanolic extracts and sub-fractions of Teucrium stocksianum Bioss collected from Malakand division, Pakistan. Pharmacologyonline. 2015;1:8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Shah S, Shah SMM, Ahmad Z, Yaseen M, Shah R, Sadiq A, et al. Phytochemicals, in vitro antioxidant, total phenolic contents and phytotoxic activity of Cornus macrophylla Wall bark collected from the North-West of Pakistan. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015;28(1):23–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Shah SM, Sadiq A, Ullah F. Antioxidant, total phenolic contents and antinociceptive potential of Teucrium stocksianum methanolic extract in different animal models. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):181.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Zeb A, Sadiq A, Ullah F, Ahmad S, Ayaz M. Phytochemical and toxicological investigations of crude methanolic extracts, subsequent fractions and crude saponins of Isodon rugosus. Biol Res. 2014;47(1):57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Zeb A, Sadiq A, Ullah F, Ahmad S, Ayaz M. Investigations of anticholinestrase and antioxidant potentials of methanolic extract, subsequent fractions, crude saponins and flavonoids isolated from Isodon rugosus. Biol Res. 2014;47(1):1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Burits M, Bucar F. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytother Res. 2000;14(5):323–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Islam S, Nasrin S, Khan MA, Hossain AS, Islam F, Khandokhar P, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer properties of the seed extracts of Syzygium fruticosum Roxb. growing in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13(1):142.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Uddin MN, Afrin R, Uddin MJ, Alam AH, Rahman AA, Sadik G. Vanda roxburghii chloroform extract as a potential source of polyphenols with antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities: identification of a strong phenolic antioxidant. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15(1):195.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Perry N, Perry E. Aromatherapy in the management of psychiatric disorders. CNS drugs. 2006;20(4):257–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tita I, Mogosanu GD, Tita MG. Ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants from the South-West of Romania. Farmacia. 2009;57(2):141–56.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Uysal İ, Onar S, Karabacak E, Çelik S. Ethnobotanical aspects of Kapıdağ Peninsula (Turkey). Biol Divers Conserv. 2010;3(3):15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ummara U, Bokhari TZ, Altaf A, Younis U, Dasti AA. Pharmacological Study of Shogran Valley Flora, Pakistan. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2013;4(9):1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ahmad S, Ullah F, Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Imran M. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase investigations of Rumex hastatus D. Don: potential effectiveness in oxidative stress and neurological disorders. Biol Res. 2015;48(1):20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Lambert R, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas GJ. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;91(3):453–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Stein S, Mirokhin D, Tchekhovskoi D, G M. The NIST Mass Spectral Search Program for the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectra Library; Standard Reference Data Program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD, USA. 2002.

  29. Adams R. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Carol Stream: Allured Publishing; 2007. p. 804.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ayaz M, Junaid M, Ahmed J, Ullah F, Sadiq A, Ahmad S, et al. Phenolic contents, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of crude extract, subsequent fractions and crude saponins from Polygonum hydropiper L. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14(1):145.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Kamal Z, Ullah F, Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Ahmad S, Zeb A, et al. Anticholinesterse and antioxidant investigations of crude extracts, subsequent fractions, saponins and flavonoids of Atriplex laciniata L.: potential effectiveness in Alzheimer's and other neurological disorders. Biol Res. 2015;48(1):21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem. 2004;37(4):277–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bondet V, Brand-Williams W, Berset C. Kinetics and mechanisms of antioxidant activity using the DPPH. free radical method. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 1997;30(6):609–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Featherstone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961;7(2):88–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Chamberlin WM, Naser SA. Integrating theories of the etiology of Crohn's Disease On the etiology ofCrohn's Disease: Questioning the Hypotheses. Med Sci Monitor. 2006;12(2):RA27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cummings JL, Vinters HV, Cole GM, Khachaturian ZS. Alzheimer's disease Etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities. Neurology. 1998;51(1 Suppl 1):S2–S17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(1):44–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Devasagayam T, Tilak J, Boloor K, Sane KS, Ghaskadbi SS, Lele R. Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. Japi. 2004;52(794804):4.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Trinh N-H, Hoblyn J, Mohanty S, Yaffe K. Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003;289(2):210–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Savelev S, Okello E, Perry N, Wilkins R, Perry E. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of anticholinesterase terpenoids in Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75(3):661–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Albano SM, Lima AS, Miguel MG, Pedro LG, Barroso JG, Figueiredo AC. Antioxidant, anti-5-lipoxygenase and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of essential oils and decoction waters of some aromatic plants. Rec Nat Prod. 2012;6(1):35–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Steinberg GM, Mednick ML, Maddox J, Rice R, Cramer J. Hydrophobic binding site in acetylcholinesterase. J Med Chem. 1975;18(11):1056–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Menichini F, Menichini F. Natural products and their derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: an update. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(12):1209–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Stamatis H, Sereti V, Kolisis F. Studies on the enzymatic synthesis of lipophilic derivatives of natural antioxidants. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1999;76(12):1505–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mehendale S, Kilari A, Dangat K, Taralekar V, Mahadik S, Joshi S. Fatty acids, antioxidants, and oxidative stress in pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2008;100(3):234–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Decker EA, Warner K, Richards MP, Shahidi F. Measuring antioxidant effectiveness in food. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(10):4303–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sengupta A, Ghosh M. Comparison of native and capric acid-enriched mustard oil effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant protection in rats. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(06):845–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Öztürk M, Duru ME, Kivrak Ş, Mercan-Doğan N, Türkoglu A, Özler MA. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activity studies on three Agaricus species with fatty acid compositions and iron contents: A comparative study on the three most edible mushrooms. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(6):1353–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Yi B-H, Kim D-H. Antioxidant activity of maltol, kojic acid, levulinic acid, furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, and pyrazine. Korean J Food Sci Technol. 1982;14(3):265–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Tepe B, Daferera D, Sokmen A, Sokmen M, Polissiou M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia tomentosa Miller (Lamiaceae). Food Chem. 2005;90(3):333–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ayaz M, Junaid M, Ullah F, Sadiq A, Khan MA, Ahmad W, et al. Comparative chemical profiling, cholinesterase inhibitions and anti-radicals properties of essential oils from Polygonum hydropiper L: A Preliminary anti-Alzheimer’s study. Lipids Health Dis. 2015;14(1):141.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All authors are thankful to Dr. Ali Hazrat, Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), Pakistan for the identification of plant.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan

    Sajjad Ahmad, Farhat Ullah, Abdul Sadiq, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad Imran & Anwar Zeb

  2. International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

    Imdad Ali & Muhammad Raza Shah

  3. Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science &Technology, Kohat, Pakistan

    Farman Ullah

Authors
  1. Sajjad Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Farhat Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdul Sadiq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Ayaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Muhammad Imran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Imdad Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Anwar Zeb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Farman Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Muhammad Raza Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Farhat Ullah.

Additional information

Competing interests

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

FU, AS and MRS conceived the idea and did literature survey. SA, MA, IA and AZ conducted practical work. MI and FU analyzed the data. All the authors contributed in drafting of the manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmad, S., Ullah, F., Sadiq, A. et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of essential oil of Rumex hastatus D. Don collected from the North West of Pakistan. BMC Complement Altern Med 16, 29 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-0998-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-0998-z

Keywords

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

ISSN: 2662-7671

Contact us