Study design
This study is a prospective, randomized controlled trial and will be conducted from March 2014 to August 2015 across 10 hospitals in Chinaa.
Participants with urinary incontinence will be recruited through advertisements in newspapers, on television, on websites and posters. The diagnosis of incontinence type and severity will be made by a gynecologist or a urologist [15]. After obtaining informed consent, patients with moderate MUI will receive a 1-week baseline assessment, including a 72-hour voiding diary, a 1-hour pad test, routine urinalysis, a urine flow rate assessment and a bladder ultrasound. Randomization will be performed centrally by the Clinical Evaluation Center of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing, and eligible participants will be randomized to the EA group or the control group. A randomization number will be sent immediately to the acupuncturist by phone or online. The statisticians, outcome assessors, the gynecologists and urologists will be blinded to the allocation. The flowchart of the trial is presented in Figure 1. The trial protocol is in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the review board and ethics committee of the participating hospitals (Ethics approval number: 2013EC125-01).
Participants
Five hundred participants will be needed in this trial. Patients meeting the diagnostic criteria of concomitant SUI and UUI will be diagnosed as mixed urinary incontinence.
Diagnostic criteria of SUI: 1) involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion, or on sneezing or coughing; 2) positive in urinary stress test.
Diagnostic criteria of UUI: unwanted urine loss that happens shortly after the sudden, intense desire to urinate.
Inclusion criteria
Participants who meet the following criteria will be included: 1) confirmation of mixed urinary incontinence; 2) aged 35–75 years; 3) moderate and severe urinary incontinence with a urinary incontinence severity index between 3 and 9 [16] 4) a history of urinary incontinence for at least 3 months and a 72-hour incontinence episode frequency (IEF) ≥2 at baseline; 5) volunteer to join this research and give informed consent prior to receiving treatment.
Exclusion criteria
Participants with any of the following conditions will be excluded: 1) stress urinary incontinence, urgency urinary incontinence, overflow incontinence or neurogenic bladder; 2) the use of medication for urinary incontinence, medication that may affect bladder function, or the use of any non-drug therapy (such as electric stimulation, bladder training and pelvic floor muscle training) in the prior month; 3) symptomatic urinary tract infection and non-functional urologic disease; 4) history of surgery for urinary incontinence or to the pelvic floor (including hysterectomy); 5) second-degree or greater pelvic organ prolapse; 6) residual urinary volume (RUV) >30 mL; 7) maximum flow rate (Qmax) <20 mL/s; 8) allergy to solifenacin or contraindications to muscarinic antagonists (such as urinary retention, gastric retention, myasthenia gravis, ulcerative colitis and angle closure glaucoma); 9) diseases affecting the functioning of the lower urinary tract (such as uncontrolled diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal injury, cauda equina injury and multiple system atrophy); 10) serious cardiovascular, pulmonary, cerebral, liver, kidney, blood or psychiatric disease and cognitive impairment; 11) severe renal dysfunction or moderate hepatic dysfunction with concomitant strong CYP3A4 inhibitor use (such as ketoconazole); 12) limited or no ability to walk up and down stairs and running; 13) poor compliance with EA, pelvic floor muscle training or medication; 14) pregnancy, lactation or within 12 months postpartum; 15) a cardiac pacemaker, a metal allergy, or a severe needle phobia; 16) volunteer in other trials.
Intervention
All participants will be advised of lifestyle modification, including: 1) weight management (participants with a BMI ≥30 would be advised to lose weight); 2) fluid intake (1.5 to 2 L in 24 hours) 3); caffeine reduction. Therapies other than the treatment regimen are prohibited during the trial.
Treatment group
BL33 point and BL35 point of both sides are used. For BL33, the needle will be inserted at the third sacral foramen at an angle of 30–45° and to a depth of 50–60 mm. The needle will be manipulated with an even lifting, thrusting and twisting method and a sense of soreness and distention will radiate to the perineum or the anus. For BL35, the needle will be inserted upward and outward and then manipulated with an even lifting, thrusting and twisting method and a sense of soreness and distention will radiate to the perineum or the anus. An electric stimulator will be placed on the pair of points with a spare-dense wave, 10/50 Hz, 0.1–5.0 mA. The current intensity will be increased to maximum tolerance and then reduced to a bearable limit. Following a review of the Chinese literature published in the last 10 years, together with the results of a phase I trial and expert consensus, all patients will receive 36 acupuncture sessions (3 sessions per week for 12 weeks), with each session lasting 30 minutes and administered every other day.
Control group
The control group will receive PFMT plus solifenacin for a period of 36 weeks. Solifenacin (Astellas Pharma Europe B.V.) will be taken at a dose of 5 mg once daily, before or after a meal. PFMT will include intensive exercises conducted in hospital and home exercises. Intensive exercises will be done once a week for the first 12 weeks and once every four weeks for weeks 13–36. Home exercises will be done three times daily for 36 weeks. The intensity of the exercises will conform to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) [17] guidelines.
Outcome measures
In this study, there is one primary outcome and eleven secondary outcomes. These are presented in Table 1. Safety evaluation for EA will be based on events which include fainting, severe pain, hematoma, local infection, and any feelings of discomfort. Any adverse event resulting from EA or adverse drug reaction to solifenacin will be recorded.
Data collection and quality control
Two researchers will input data independently using the Remote Data Capture (RDC) software. A Data Verification Plan (DVP) will be established to review the data after input. Two data managers with a medical background will perform coding for the medical history, adverse events and drug combinations. After a data review, the data will be submitted to the statistician for final analysis.
To guarantee the quality of the trial, a rigorous methodology will be followed. Before commencing the trial, experts in different fields will be invited to review and revise the protocol, and staff from the 10 trial centers will undergo training. A 3-level monitoring system will be established to check the performance of the trial periodically. Outcome assessments, completion of case report forms and data management will be closely supervised.
Sample size and statistical analysis
Sample size will be based on the primary outcome. According to our pilot trial and review of the literature [15, 18–20], the proportion of change in 72-hour IEF from baseline for EA and PFMT plus solifenacin, is 57 and 60% respectively. To assess non-inferiority between the treatment and control groups, a sample size of 242 for each group will be sufficient, with a one-sided 5% level of significance, a power of 80% and allowing for a 15% dropout. This will exceed the non-inferiority margin of 15% [21]. Thus, in this trial, we will aim to recruit 250 participants in each group.
Data from the 10 centers will be pooled, and the Clinical Evaluation Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing will conduct the statistical analysis, using the SAS 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, US) and SPSS Ver.13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software. All statistical analyses will be two-sided tests except for the primary outcome. The level of significance will be established at 0.05. Continuous data will be represented by the mean, standard deviation, median, minimum value, and maximum value; categorical data will be represented by percentages. For comparison with the baseline, a t-test or nonparametric test will be used for continuous data, and nonparametric tests for categorical data. For comparison of two independent samples a t-test or nonparametric test will be used for continuous data, and a chi-square test or the Fisher exact test will be used for categorical data. The primary outcome is the proportion of change from baseline in 72-h IEF. Analysis of covariance (for normal distributed data) or nonparametric tests (for abnormal distributed data) will be used. To detect the center effect, a covariance model will be used. Further analysis will be done if there is a center effect. Analysis methods for secondary outcomes are presented in Table 1. For safety analysis, incidence of adverse events will be compared between the two groups using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test.
