- Research article
- Open Access
- Published:
Lowering of lipid composition in aorta of guinea pigs by Curcuma domestica
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine volume 1, Article number: 6 (2001)
Abstract
Background
A short-term study was carried out using guinea pigs to determine the effects of Curcuma domestica on lipid composition in the serum and aorta.
Methods
Animals were given food pellets containing 4% (w/w) powdered rhizome of C. domestica in order to determine its effect on cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels in the aorta and serum. The animals were fed either a cholesterol free diet or a high cholesterol diet (2% cholesterol, w/w, in food pellet) in order to induce hypercholesterolemia.. After five weeks of this diet treatment, blood and aorta were taken for biochemical analysis and histological studies.
Results
C. domestica in the diet showed no significant effect on the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in the serum and aorta of the cholesterol free diet animals. However, addition of C. domestica to a high cholesterol diet counteracted increases in the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in the aorta. Histology studies showed less cholesterol deposits in the aorta of high cholesterol diet animals given C. domestica compared to the high cholesterol diet animals not given C. domestica supplement. C. domestica also had a lowering effect on triglyceride level in the serum of high cholesterol diet animals but showed no effect on serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels.
Conclusion
This study has shown that dietary intake of C. domestica decreased all lipid composition levels in the aorta and also the serum triglyceride level. In addition, C. domestica also reduced cholesterol deposition in the aorta of high cholesterol diet animals.
Background
Curcuma domestica, Valeton (Zingiberaceae) or tumeric (locally known as kunyit) has been widely used in India and other parts of Southeast Asia as a spice and a coloring agent in cooking. It is rich in vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins and also contains an array of oils. In traditional medicine, the rhizomes are used to treat gum inflammation, rheumatism and diarrhea. The medicinal properties of C. domestica have prompted many studies to be carried out to determine its pharmacological activities. Ghatak and Basu (1972) [1] found that curcumin (a bioactive component of C. domestica) possesses anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenin-induced edema test in rats with an ED50 of 2.1 mg/kg (i.p.). They also showed that 3 mg/kg (body weight) of curcumin, intraorally, inhibited formalin-induced arthritis by 45 to 50% in rats. An in vitro study conducted by Shankar and Murthy (1979) showed that tumeric oil suppressed the growth of some intestinal and pathogenic bacteria [2].
It has been shown that ingestion of C. domestica extract or curcumin counteracted the increment of liver cholesterol in rats which were given a high cholesterol diet [3]. Ethanolic extract of C. domestica has also been reported to lower the levels of cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride in the serum of Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats [4]. The conclusion drawn was that the extract may have a protective effect against atherosclerosis since it reduced the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels in the serum and increased the high density lipoprotein (HDL)/ total cholesterol ratio [4]. However, studies have not been carried out to examine the effect of C. domestica on the aorta itself. In this study, we investigated the effect of C. domestica on the aorta by determining the lipid composition in the aorta and examining the structural changes in the aortic wall. As a comparison, the serum lipid levels were also determined.
Methods
Animals and diets
Twenty four, male, Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) weighing 700–1000 g were used in this experiment. They were housed individually and were given commercial rabbit chow pellets (Gold Coin Company, Malaysia) daily and a once weekly, vegetable diet of mustard leaves, cabbage and carrot. The animals were divided equally into four groups, i.e. untreated (control), high cholesterol diet-treated (hypercholesterolemic animal), C. domestica plus high cholesterol diet-treated and solely C. domestica diet-treated group.
The control group was given the commercial rabbit chow and vegetable diet through out the experiment. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in the animals by giving cholesterol (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, USA) mixed with the rabbit chow pellet (2% cholesterol, w/w, in food pellet) [5]. For each 100 g of ground rabbit chow pellet, 2 g of cholesterol were added and mixed with a little sterile distilled water. This mixture was made into pellet form and dried in an oven (50°C), overnight. To study the effect of C. domestica, powdered C. domestica was mixed in the rabbit chow (4% C. domestica, w/w, in food pellet) [6]. C. domestica rhizome was purchased from a local market in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Powdered C. domestica was prepared by drying the sliced rhizome in an oven at 45°C for 12 hours and grinding it into powder with a blender. The powdered C. domestica was mixed in the rabbit chow in the same way as described for cholesterol.
Collection of serum and aorta
After five weeks of diet treatment, the animals were fasted overnight in preparation for serum and aorta collection. At 8.00 in the morning, the animals were weighed, anesthetized under chloroform and the thoracic abdominal cavity was opened. Blood was collected by heart puncture and serum was separated by centrifugation of the blood. The heart together with the aorta (2–3 cm length) was excised from each animal. The aorta was cut at the origin and removed from the heart. A 2 mm section of the aorta of each animal was soaked in a 10 % (v/v) formal saline solution for H & E staining and another 2 mm section was placed in kriomatrix and kept at -20°C for frozen sections. The remaining aorta was soaked in deionized water and homogenized for biochemical analysis.
Biochemical analyses
Triglyceride level in the serum and aorta were determined using Fletcher's method [7]. Lipid was first extracted from serum and aorta using the method of Folch et al. [8] before the cholesterol and phospholipid levels were determined. The cholesterol level was determined by carrying out gas chromatography (Chemo 8610HT) as previously described [9] and detected by FID 8 61 detector. Estimation of cholesterol levels in both samples were calculated using the internal standard method [10]. Phospholipid level was determined according to the method of Murison et al. [11].
Histology
The aorta sections that were soaked in 10% formal saline solution were processed for normal histological section. The tissue samples were ultrasectioned (5–6 μm thickness), stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and examined under a light microscope for observation of structural abnormality. For frozen sections, ultra-thin sections of the aorta (8 μm thickness) were stained with Schultz stain [12] and examined for cholesterol deposits.
Statistical analyses
Mean values obtained in the biochemical analyses were analysed for statistical difference with the Student's t-test.
Results
Biochemical Analyses
Table 1 shows that incorporation of 2% cholesterol in the animal diet significantly increased the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in the aorta 4, 2.3 and 2.3 fold respectively compared to the untreated (control) animals. However, serum lipid values show that only the triglyceride level was significantly elevated (3 fold) and no significant change was observed in the other two lipid composition levels in the serum.
Addition of C. domestica to the cholesterol free animal diet showed no significant effect on the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in the serum and aorta compared to the control group (Table 1). Although there appears to be a lowering of serum cholesterol level, this reduction, however, was not significant. On the other hand, addition of C. domestica to the high cholesterol animal diet resulted in significantly lowered levels in cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in the aorta compared to the levels of the hypercholesterolemic animals (p < 0.05). Reduction of 76%, 56% and 57% in the cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels respectively, were observed. However, in the serum the lowering effect of C. domestica was only observed in the triglyceride level (-68%). The addition of C. domestica to the high cholesterol animal diet had no effect on the phospholipid and cholesterol levels in the serum.
Histology
The aorta of animals given mixed diet (cholesterol and C. domestica) and C. domestica only showed normal histology (Figure 1). However, aorta of high cholesterol diet animals showed spaces within the intima tunica and media tunica. These spaces had originally contained fat droplets which were dissolved during the H & E staining procedure (Figure 2). Observation of tissues that were stained with Schultz stain showed cholesterol deposits in the aorta of the high cholesterol diet group and C. domestica plus high cholesterol diet group (Figure 3 &4). In the high cholesterol diet animals, cholesterol deposits were concentrated in the media tunica and intima tunica regions, mainly in the endothelial layer and to a lesser degree in the adventitia tunica region. Less cholesterol deposits were seen in the aorta of the mixed diet animals with very little deposits observed in the intima tunica and medica tunica region and no cholesterol deposit seen in the adventitia tunica region.
Aorta of untreated (control) animals that was stained with H & E (400×). 1 = lumen, e = endothelium layer (intima tunica), m = media tunica, a = adventitia tunica
Aorta of a high cholesterol diet animal (400×). Arrows indicate spaces within intima tunica and within media tunica.
Aorta of a high cholesterol diet animal (400×). Arrows indicate cholesterol deposits in the endothelium layer and media tunica region.
Aorta of an animal on a high cholesterol diet plus C. domestica (400×). Arrows indicate very little cholesterol deposits in the endothelium layer and media tunica region.
Discussion
This study found that in spite of the high cholesterol diet given to the animals, there was no corresponding increase in cholesterol and phospholipid levels in the serum. This is contrary to earlier reports which stated that a high cholesterol diet increased serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels in animals given the diet for varying periods of time [13, 14, 15]. However, a study by Srinivasan et al. (1964) [3] found no increase in the serum cholesterol level of rats given 0.5% (0.5 g/100 g basal diet) cholesterol after 6 weeks diet treatment. At the present time, we have no definite explanation for these anomalous results as previous experiments conducted in our lab where the same rabbit chow, vegetable diet and similar percentage of cholesterol were given to guinea pigs for shorter (four weeks) and longer (seven weeks) duration resulted in an increased level of cholesterol in the serum [16]. However, it is not known whether the serum phospholipid level actually increased as it was not recorded.
A possible reason for the lack of increase in the serum cholesterol level in this study could be that more cholesterol was excreted in the bile acid and feces of hypercholesterolemic animals. On the other hand, the lack of increase in the serum phospholipid level could possibly be due to a higher level of phospholipase that metabolised the blood phospholipid in hypercholesterolemic animals.
However, it is clear that the high cholesterol diet significantly increased all lipid composition levels in the aorta. These elevations were lowered when C. domestica was mixed in the diet of high cholesterol-diet animals. This is the first study that shows C. domestica has this lowering effect on lipid composition in the aorta. In the serum, this lowering effect was seen only in the triglyceride level and not with cholesterol and phospholipid as both these levels were not elevated in the high cholesterol diet group.
Apart from lowering lipid composition in the aorta, C. domestica also reduced the cholesterol depositions in the aorta of high cholesterol diet animals. These results indicate that addition of C. domestica to the high cholesterol diet of guinea pigs prevented a build up of lipids in the aorta. It is possible that C. domestica may project these effects through the reduction of aorta cholesterol level which may simultaneously lower the levels of triglyceride and phospholipid in the aorta. Dixit et al. (1988) have shown that the hypocholesterolemic effect of ethanolic extract of C. domestica in the serum was followed by the lowering of triglyceride and phospholipid levels in the serum [4] and it has been repeatedly reported that C. domestica has cholesterol lowering activity in small and larger animals [15, 17, 18]. Thus the hypocholesterolemic effect of C. domestica can probably be explained by its known properties to stimulate bile fluid secretion as well as biliary cholesterol secretion [19, 20] and enhance excretion of bile acids and cholesterol in feces [21]. Hence, these properties of C. domestica may explain the lower cholesterol level in tissue such as aorta. Following this, studies ought to be carried out to ascertain whether C. domectica has the same effect in human subjects.
References
- 1.
Ghatak N, Basu N: Sodium curcuminate as an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Indian J Exp Biol. 1972, 10: 235-236.
- 2.
Shankar TNB, Murthy VS: Effect of tumeric (Curcuma longa) fractions on the growth of some intestinal and pathogenic bacteria in vitro. J Exp Biol. 1979, 17: 1363-1366.
- 3.
Srinivasan M, Aiyar AS, Kapur OP, Kokatnur MG, Rao DS, Sreenivasan A, Subrahmanyan V: Effect of tumeric extract on cholersterol levels in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1964, 2: 104-107.
- 4.
Dixit VP, Jain P, Joshi SC: Hypolipidaemic effects of Curcuma longa L and Nardostachys jatamansi, DC in triton-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Indian J Physio Pharmacol. 1988, 32: 299-304.
- 5.
Pemsingh RS, Macpherson BR, Scott GW: Morphological observations on the gallbladder of ground squirrels fed a lithogenic diet. J Pathol. 1987, 152: 127-135.
- 6.
Yasni S, Imaizumi K, Nakamura M, Aimoto J, Sugano M: Effects of Curcuma xanthorrhiza roxb. and cucuminoids on the level of serum and liver lipids, serum apolipoprotein A-1 and lipogenic enzymes in rats. Fd Chem Toxic. 1993, 31: 213-218. 10.1016/0278-6915(93)90096-H.
- 7.
Fletcher MJ: A colorimetric method for establishing serum triglycerides. Clin Chim Acta. 1968, 22: 393-397. 10.1016/0009-8981(68)90041-7.
- 8.
Folch J, Leea M, Stanley GHS: A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1957, 226: 497-509.
- 9.
Azman AB, Haron A, Proomwichit P, Ramli J: Preliminary study on the gallstone composition in Malaysia. Jurnal Perubatan UKM. 1990, 12: 57-63.
- 10.
Rowland F: Quantitative analysis. The practise of gas chromatography. Abrondale, Hewlett Packard. 1974
- 11.
Murison J, Festi D, Ross PE, Bouchier IAD: The estimation of phospholipids in bile. din Chim Acta. 1976, 68: 159-166. 10.1016/0009-8981(76)90415-0.
- 12.
Schultz A: Eine methode des mikrochemischen cholesterinnachweises am gewebsschnitt. Zentrabi Allgem Pathol. 1924, 35: 314-318.
- 13.
Rao DS, Sekhara NC, Satyanarayana MN, Srinivasan M: Effect of curcumin on serum and liver cholesterol levels in the rat. J Nutr. 1970, 100: 1307-1316.
- 14.
Beynen AC: Lowering of serum cholesterol by Temoe Lawak Singer, a curcuma mixture. Artery. 1987, 14: 190-197.
- 15.
Babu PS, Srinivasan K: Hypolipidemic action of curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997, 166: 169-175. 10.1023/A:1006819605211.
- 16.
Md-Razi Y: Kesan diet litogenik terhadap komposisi kimia dan ultrastruktur system hepatobiliari arkus. Tests Sm. Sn. Biokimia Klinik (Kep.), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 1990
- 17.
Soudamini KK, Umnnikrishnan MC, Soni KB, Kuttan R: Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and cholesterol levels in mice by curcumin. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992, 36: 239-243.
- 18.
Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Mesa MD, Aguilera MC, Quiles JL, Baro L, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Martinez-Victoria E, Gil A: Oral administration of a tumeric extract inhibits LDL oxidation and has hypocholesterolemic effects in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1999, 147: 371-378. 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00207-5.
- 19.
Ramprasad C, Sirsi M: Curcuma longa and bile secretion – Quantitative changes in the bile constituents induced by sodium curcuminate. J Sci Industr Res. 1957, 16: 108-110.
- 20.
Baumann JC, Heintze K, Muth HW: Klinisch-experimentelle untersuchungen der gallen, pancreas und magensaftsekretion unter den phtocholagogen wirkstoffen einer Carduus marinus, Chelidonium, Curcuma – suspension. Arzneim Forsch. 1971, 21: 98-101.
- 21.
Patil TN, Srinivasan M: Hypocholesterolemic effect of curcumin in induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1971, 9: 167-169.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/backmatter/1472-6882-1-6-b1.pdf
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Prof Dr. Yap Kok Leong, Dr. Jacinta Santhanam and Dr. Hawa Ismail for their kind assistance in editing this article. Funding for this project was provided by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Author information
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmad-Raus, R.R., Abdul-Latif, E.E. & Mohammad, J.J. Lowering of lipid composition in aorta of guinea pigs by Curcuma domestica . BMC Complement Altern Med 1, 6 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-1-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Keywords
- Cholesterol
- Curcumin
- Curcuma Domestica
- High Cholesterol Diet
- Vegetable Diet
