Table 3 Generalized estimating equation (GEE) for pain intensity and heart rate (N = 70)

Group

0.088 (-0.572 to 0.748)

0.793

1.761 (-3.143 to 6.666)

0.482

Follow‐up time

 t₁ (1 min vs. pre‐test)

-0.176 (-0.763 to 0.410)

0.556

-2.588 (-6.503 to 1.327)

0.195

 t₂ (10 min vs. pre‐test)

0.176 (-0.410 to 0.763)

0.556

-3.676 (-7.591 to 0.238)

0.066

 t₃ (20 min vs. pre‐test)

2.058 (1.471 to 2.645)

< 0.001

2.323 (-1.591 to 6.238)

0.245

 t₄ (30 min vs. pre‐test)

4.382 (3.795 to 4.969)

< 0.001

16.147 (12.231 to 20.062)

< 0.001

 t₅ (40 min vs. pre‐test)

0.617 (0.030 to 1.204)

0.039

6.205 (2.290 to 10.121)

0.002

 t₆ (50 min vs. pre‐test)

-0.058 (-0.645 to 0.528)

0.844

-0.470 (-4.386 to 3.444)

0.814

Group × Time

 Group × 1 min

-0.267 (-1.086 to 0.550)

0.521

-2.245 (-7.704 to 3.214)

0.420

 Group × 10 min

-0.398 (-1.217 to 0.419)

0.340

-2.656 (-8.116 to 2.802)

0.340

 Group × 20 min

-0.919 (-1.738 to -0.101)

0.028

-6.740 (-12.20 to -1.280)

0.016

 Group × 30 min

-1.437 (-2.256 to -0.619)

0.001

-8.397 (-13.856 to -2.937)

0.003

 Group × 40 min

-0.450 (-1.269 to 0.367)

0.280

-2.761 (-8.221 to 2.698)

0.322

 Group × 50 min

-0.607 (-1.426 to 0.210)

0.146

-3.640 (-9.10 to 1.819)

0.191