Fig. 6

Relative expression of IL-1β (A), IL-8 (B), TNF-α (C), TGF-β (D), and iNOS (E) genes in Caco-2 cells upon pre-treatment with decocted (DEC) or ethanol (ETOH) extracts (50 µg/mL), followed by treatment with Tox-S (100 µg/mL) from C. difficile RT001 clinical strain; and also co-treatment with DEC and Tox-S, or ETOH and Tox-S measured by using quantitative real-time PCR assay. Gene expression data was normalized to β-actin as the reference gene. Data shown are means ± SD of three independent experiments. A P value of < 0.05 was considered as significant (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001) by unpaired student’s t test and one-way ANOVA statistical analysis