Fig. 5

Relative expression of Bax (A), Bcl-2 (B), Caspase-9 (C), and Caspase-3 (D) genes in Caco-2 cells upon treatment with Tox-S (100 µg/mL) from C. difficile RT001 clinical strain, decocted (DEC), and ethanol (ETOH) extracts (50 µg/mL) measured by using quantitative real-time PCR assay. Gene expression data was normalized to β-actin as the reference gene. Data shown are means ± SD of three independent experiments. A P value of < 0.05 was considered as significant (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001) by unpaired student’s t test and one-way ANOVA statistical analysis