Fig. 4

The release graph and cell viability assay results of CS/HPMCP/BBr and CS/TPP/BBr nanoparticles. a: the release percentage of BBr from CS/HPMCP/BBr (left panel) and CS/TPP/BBr (right panel) nanoparticles over the course of 8 h in the SGF (pH = 1.2) and SIF (pH = 7.4) environments. BBr release percentage of CS/HPMCP/BBr and CS/TPP/BBr nanoparticles was significantly higher in SIF settings than those of CS/HPMCP/BBr and CS/TPP/BBr in SGF settings, respectively at all of the investigated time intervals except for the first 15 min (p < 0.0001). All experiments were carried out in triplicate (n = 3). b: the effects of the exposure of CS/HPMCP/BBr and CS/HPMCP nanoparticles on the viability of MSCs after 24 h (left panel) and 72 h (right panel). After 24 h, CS/HPMCP/BBr nanoparticle exposure resulted in significantly higher cell viability rates in comparison with CS/HPMCP at 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/mL concentrations (p < 0.0001 for all of the significant groups). After 72 h, CS/HPMCP/BBr nanoparticle exposure resulted in significantly higher cell viability rates in comparison with CS/HPMCP at all of the investigated concentrations (p < 0.0001 for all of the significant groups). c: the effects of the exposure of CS/TPP/BBr and CS/TPP nanoparticles on the viability of MSCs after 24 h (left panel) and 72 h (right panel). After 24 h, CS/TPP/BBr nanoparticle exposure resulted in significantly higher cell viability rates in comparison with CS/TPP at 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL concentrations (p < 0.0001 for all of the significant groups). After 72 h, CS/TPP/BBr nanoparticle exposure resulted in significantly higher cell viability rates in comparison with CS/TPP at all of the investigated concentrations (p < 0.0001 for 0.015625 mg/mL concentration group and p < 0.0001 for the other groups). “ns” for statistically non-significant, *** for p < 0.001, and **** for p < 0.0001. All experiments were carried out in triplicate (n = 3)