Table 1 Participant characteristics of all studies

Ahmed et al., 2023 [36]

30

15/15

Not specified

Not specified

Chronic

15.83 ± 3.90/16.66 ± 4.44

Rehabilitation centre

Bunketorp-Käll et al., 2017 [16]

123

41/41/41

9:32/13:28/14:27

58/64

Chronic

32.33 ± 14.10/36.54 ± 14.63/36.73 ± 19.20

Rehabilitation centre

Bunketorp-Käll et al., 2019 [17]

123

9:32/13:28/14:27

58/64

Chronic

32.33 ± 14.10/ 36.54 ± 14.63/36.73 ± 19.20

Rehabilitation centre

Cha Y. et al., 2014 [18]

41/0

0:41

22/19

Chronic

8.68 ± 2.35

Rehabilitation centre

Cha Y. et al., 2014 [19]

20

10/10

0:10/0:10

2/18

Chronic

14.5 ± 5.5/14.7 ± 5.4

Rehabilitation centre

Cho et al., 2020 [20]

30

15/15

8:7/6:9

18/12

Chronic

30.33 ± 7.69/26.13 ± 6.58

Rehabilitation centre

Choi et al., 2021 [21]

16

8/8

Not specified

Not specified

Not specified

Not specified

Rehabilitation hospital

Chouhan et al., 2012 [22]

45

15/15/15

Not specified

45 MCA

Not specified

Not specified

Rehabilitation hospital

Collimore A. et al., 2023

10/0

Not specified

6/4

Chronic

 > 6 months

Not specified

Elsner et al., 2019 [23]

12

6/6

0:6/0:6

12/0

Chronic

34.7 ± 20.1/99.2 ± 88.5

Rehabilitation centre

Gonzalez-Hoelling et al., 2021 [24]

55

28/27

9:17/9:19

37/16

12 basal ganglia

13 MCA

10 vertebrobasilar 9 lacunar

5 cerebellar

1 MCA + ACA

1 thalamus

Subacute

0.34 ± 0.13/0.33 ± 0.12

Rehabilitation hospital

Hutchinson et al., 2020 [25]

11

11/0

Not specified

6/5

Chronic

 > 6 months

Not specified

Kim et al., 2012 [26]

20

10/10

4:6/8:2

12/8

Chronic

5.7/4.8

Rehabilitation centre

Ko et al., 2016 [27]

15/0

Not specified

7/8

Chronic

81.9 ± 87.8

Rehabilitation centre

Kobinata et al., 2016 [28]

105/0

48:57

20 cerebellum

26 pons and medulla

22 thalamus

18 putamen

19 corona radiata

Subacute

1.46 ± 0.90

Rehabilitation centre

Lee et al., 2018 [29]

44

23/21

4:19/3:18

15 /28

MCA 37, ACA 7

Chronic

34.7 ± 20.1/99.2 ± 88.5

Rehabilitation centre

Mainka et al., 2018 [30]

45

15/15/15

Not specified

20/15

17 MCA

10 brain stem, 4 thalamus/ basal ganglia

2 internal capsule

1 ACA

1 PCA

Subacute

RAS TT 1.40 ± 0.99/TT 1.54 ± 0.77/NDT 1.18 ± 0.55

Rehabilitation hospital

Song et al., 2016 [31]

40

20/20

Not specified

17/23

Chronic

12.30 ± 3.4/14.75 ± 6.9

Rehabilitation hospital

Suh et al., 2014 [32]

16

8/8

3:5/2:6

6/10

Chronic

12.70 ± 9.31/7.37 ± 7.0

Rehabilitation centre

Wang Y et al., 2021 [33]

60

0:30/0:30

28/32

Subacute + Chronic

8.39 ± 2.09/8.45 ± 2.11

Rehabilitation hospital

Yang et al., 2016 [34]

22

11/11

7:4/6:5

13/9

Chronic

11.18 ± 3.68/11.97 ± 3.53

Rehabilitation hospital