Table 1 Comparison of reviewed articles on mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) with the practice of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) [4]
Author | Description | Number of weeks | Session length | Retreat | Additional themes | Adapted structure | Additional comments | Facilitator training |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bermudez et al. (2013) [33] | Adapted MBSR | 10 | Not specified | Yes, after session 8 | Loving-kindness; music; mindful planning | Slight variation in session progression | Not specified | Not specified |
Abercrombie et al. (2007) [32] | Adapted MBSR | 6 | 2 h | Not specified | Related to the context of the program, i.e., pap smears | Reduced number of sessions and shorter sessions | Not specified | Not specified |
Bhambhani and Gallo (2022) [34] | Adapted MBSR | 16 | 1 h | Not specified | Trauma-informed cultural humility approach | 16 weekly sessions divided into four modules Shortened sessions and practices Language adapted | More directive than MBSR in terms of inquiry, homework review and psychoeducation | Facilitated by the researchers Qualifications not mentioned |
Zhang and Emory (2015) [41] | MBI – Mindful Motherhood | 8 | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Factors that contribute to treatment barriers need to be considered Need to improve strategies encouraging participation and adherence, including cultural relevance | Facilitated by an advanced PhD student in clinical psychology Online training in the intervention Experience and qualifications not given |
Van der Gucht et al. (2015) [16] | Adapted MBSR | 8 | 90 min | Not specified | Psychoeducation | Shortened sessions | Possibly increase participation rates by using financial incentives | Trained mindfulness facilitators (n = 2): clinical psychologist (n = 1) and social worker (n = 1) Qualification not discussed Both experienced |
Szanton et al. (2011) [40] | Focus group study of adapted MBSR | 8 | Shortened sessions | Not specified | Not specified | More sitting practice—less mindful movement and walking Shortened sessions | Not specified | Not specified |
Spears et al. (2017) [39] | 120-min focus group after two 5min practices | Not applicable | 2 h | Not applicable | Reflection on mindfulness and specific practices, including appeal, relevance, language, acceptability, and perceived feasibility | Short practices (n = 2) on mindful breathing and body scan | Suggestions offered regarding how practice might be integrated into daily life; preparing participants for the possibility of experiencing discomfort; creating an atmosphere of safety and support | Not specified |
Hick and Furlotte (2010) [42] | Adapted MBSR – integrated with Radical Mindfulness Training (RMT) | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Focus on sociological education to understand the roots of poverty | Not specified | Radical mindfulness training with core elements of MBSR. engages participants at the personal, interpersonal, and structural levels | Not specified |
Jacobs et al. (2017) [38] | MBI | 6 sessions over 8 weeks | 90 min | Not specified | Muscle relaxation / no mindful eating | Restructured MBSR; 6 weeks instead of 8; shorter sessions; and shorter practices averaging 5 min in duration | Not specified | Facilitator not specifically trained in mindfulness but had 6 years personal practice as well as experience in adapting mindfulness practices for high-risk youth in urban communities |
Dutton et al. (2013) [35] | Adapted MBSR | 10 sessions | 90 min | 5 h—between session 8 and 9 | Additional mindfulness practices including loving-kindness and mindfulness listening exercises | Pre-program orientation sessions with the MBSR instructor; changing the beginning of each session; changing the sequence of sessions; shorter and fewer sessions; logistical support for participants; and ensuring voluntary participation | Minimally adapted MBSR—more accessible to the population | A trained and experienced female psychiatric nurse (MSN) with teacher-level training in MBSR |
MBSR | 8 | 2 h plus | 4 h | Nil reported | Nil reported | Program was run according to the MBSR manual developed by the University of Mass. Center for Mindfulness | Program delivered by experienced teacher with advanced training | |
Felder et al. (2018) [36] | MBI | 8 | 2 h | Not specified | Mindful eating specifically | Similar to MBSR i.e., 8 × 2-h sessions | Aim was to reduce overeating as a respoe to stress | Facilitated by two experienced mindfulness teachers who received weekly supervision |