Table 2 Characteristics and major findings of the included studies on the effect of camel milk (CM) on lipid profile in patients with diabetes
Authors, publication year | Country (city) | Sample size n (% male) | Mean age/age range (years) | Tested lipid profile component | Type of diabetes | Type of CM | Quantity of CM consumed (ml/day) by CM Group | Duration of intervention | Parameters of CM group | Parameters of the control group | Results (CM compared with control group) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before treatment | After treatment | Before treatment | After treatment | ||||||||||
Margdarinejad et al., 2021 [42] | Iran (Gorgan) | 49 (44.9) | > 18 | TC, TG | T2D | Fresh | 500.0 | ≤ 6 months | TC: 158.21 ± 37.07 TG: 134.04 ± 94.98 | TC: 157.04 ± 31.83 TG: 121.58 ± 46.86 | TC: 169.80 ± 32.66 TG: 163.72 ± 68.03 | TC: 168.60 ± 37.18 TG: 169.16 ± 73.47 | CM and control groups: no significant difference in TC level. CM group: a significant decrease in TG. |
Fallah et al., 2020 [43] | Iran (Tehran) | 36 (36.1) | 30–70 | TC, TG, HDL, LDL | T2D | Fresh | 500.0 | ≤ 6 months | TC: 157.50 ± 33.50 TG: 140.90 ± 84.40 HDL: 45.60 ± 8.10 LDL: 83.60 ± 21.00 | TC: 164.60 ± 3.80 TG: 144.40 ± 10.10 HDL: 54.40 ± 2.90 LDL: 83.10 ± 4.00 | TC: 163.20 ± 29.20 TG: 148.20 ± 20.40 HDL: 48.80 ± 18.00 LDL: 84.70 ± 5.10 | TC: 152.80 ± 4.0 TG: 141.50 ± 18.90 HDL: 47.40 ± 3.10 LDL: 77.20 ± 6.00 | Changes in lipid profile including TG, HDL, and LDL not statistically significant between CM and control groups. |
Abdalla et al., 2018 [44] | Sudan (Al Qadarif) | 30 (26.7) | 8–19; Mean: 13.5 | TC, TG, HDL, VLDL, LDL | T1D | Fresh | 500.0 | > 6 months | TC: 138.00 ± 52.00 TG: 100.00 ± 51.00 HDL: 63.00 ± 37.00 VLDL: 20.97 ± 10.05 LDL: 121.50 ± 56.50 | TC: 89.50 ± 29.50 TG: 67.50 ± 27.50 HDL: 212.00 ± 72.00 VLDL: 13.50 ± 5.50 LDL: 27.00 ± 16.00 | TC: 110.00 ± 55.00 TG: 85.00 ± 27.00 HDL: 103.50 ± 74.50 VLDL: 17.00 ± 5.60 LDL: 73.00 ± 41.00 | TC: 130.00 ± 47.00 TG: 130.00 ± 32.00 HDL: 111.00 ±72.00 VLDL: 26.00 ± 6.70 LDL: 66.00 ± 34.00 | CM: a significant decrease in TC (35%); LDL: reduced (78%); VLDL: reduced (33%); TG: reduced (33%); and a significant increase in HDL levels (236.5%). Control group: no improvement and no significant difference in lipid profile. |
Fallah et al., 2018 [45] | Iran | 24 (41.7) | 11–18; Mean: 13.8 | TC, TG, HDL, LDL | Pre-diabetes | Fermented | 250.0 | ≤ 6 months | TC: 152.71 ± 30.21 TG: 119.17 ± 55.86 HDL: 41.08 ± 6.77 LDL: 85.13 ± 22.93 | TC: 157.62 ± 44.64 TG: 128.58 ± 98.14 HDL: 40.08 ± 11.11 LDL: 89.38 ± 32.86 | TC: 148.54 ± 25.72 TG: 115.13 ± 42.96 HDL: 40.42 ±7.60 LDL: 81.75 ± 19.97 | TC: 152.62 ± 39.99 TG: 127.04 ± 82.23 HDL: 38.84 ± 12.50 LDL: 82.58 ± 31.08 | CM: non-significant changes in lipid profile. |
Shareha et al., 2016 [46] | Libya (Tripoli) | 43 (100) | 40–65 | TC, TG | T2D | Fresh | 500.0 | ≤ 6 months | TC: 171.76 ± 7.65 TG: 163.57 ± 4.30 | TC: 168.24 ± 6.31 TG: 160.48 ± 3.97 | TC: 180.32 ± 3.48 TG: 174.36 ± 4.40 | TC: 179.32 ± 3.50 TG: 170.27 ± 4.40 | CM group: TG significantly decreased; TC non-significantly decreased. |
Ejtahed et al., 2015 [33] | Iran (Tehran) | 20 (30) | 20–70 | TC, TG, HDL, LDL | T2D | Pasteurized | 500.0 | ≤ 6 months | TC: 186.39 ± 39.06 TG: 139.95 ± 51.37 HDL: 47.18 ± 10.05 LDL: 106.34 ± 29.00 | TC: 182.13 ± 42.92 TG: 139.95 ± 52.26 HDL: 50.27 ± 11.99 LDL: 103.25 ± 32.10 | TC: 189.48 ± 32.10 TG: 153.23 ± 56.69 HDL: 49.11 ± 11.99 LDL: 104.02 ± 18.95 | TC: 202.24 ± 54.14 TG: 174.49 ± 86.80 HDL: 50.27 ± 10.83 LDL: 117.17 ± 32.10 | CM and control group: non-significant changes in lipid profile. |
El-Sayed et al., 2011 [47] | Yemen | 45 (66.7) | 19–20 | TC, TG, HDL, LDL | T1D | Fresh | 500.0 | ≤ 6 months | TC: 251.80 ± 9.30 TG: 184.00 ± 2.20 HDL: 44.30 ± 2.00 LDL: 110.00 ± 2.90 | TC: 209.20 ± 3.20 TG: 133.60 ± 4.20 HDL: 49.00 ± 1.50 LDL: 92.40 ± 2.60 | TC: 271.80 ± 3.35 TG: 193.10 ±1.70 HDL: 43.10 ± 1.53 LDL: 109.90 ± 2.45 | TC: 248.60 ± 3.70 TG: 175.70 ± 3.00 HDL: 43.70 ± 1.26 LDL: 102.60 ± 1.51 | CM and control groups: a significant decrease in TG, TC, and LDL. HDL: significantly increased in the CM group only. |
Mohamad et al., 2009 [27] | Egypt | 64 (75) | 17–20 | TC, TG, HDL, VLDL, LDL | T1D | Fresh | 500.0 | ≤ 6 months | TC: 265.70 ± 9.07 TG: 170.41 ± 21.60 HDL: 53.00 ± 12.60 VLDL: 14.50 ± 5.20 LDL: 103.84 ± 0.63 | TC: 192.08 ± 11.04 TG: 157.20 ± 18.20 HDL: 50.70 ± 11.30 VLDL: 11.50 ± 3.90 LDL: 92.50 ± 17.80 | TC: 266.20 ± 18.20 TG: 171.40 ± 21.60 HDL: 54.60 ± 12.50 VLDL: 14.40 ± 4.70 LDL: 99.60 ± 9.78 | TC: 266.20 ± 18.20 TG: 171.40 ± 21.60 HDL: 54.60 ± 12.50 VLDL: 14.40 ± 4.70 LDL: 99.60 ± 9.78 | CM: Significant decrease in TG only. |
Wang et al., 2009 [48] | China (Beijing) | 12 (83.3) | 49–50 | TC, TG | T2D | Fresh | 500.0 | > 6 months | TC: 297.76 ± 59.16 TG: 162.09 ± 33.66 | TC: 235.89 ± 35.19 TG: 125.78 ± 83.26 | TC: 286.16 ± 47.56 TG: 163.86 ± 37.20 | TC: 278.42 ± 31.71 TG: 160.32 ± 34.54 | TG and TC significantly decreased in the CM group. |
Agarwal et al., 2003 [49] | India (Bikaner) | 24 (83.3) | 19–20 | TC, TG, HDL, VLDL, LDL | T1D | Fresh1 | 500.0 | ≤ 6 months | TC: 164.58 ± 20.69 TG: 66.91 ± 25.60 HDL: 62.58 ± 13.91 VLDL: 13.50 ± 5.00 LDL: 92.00 ± 11.62 | TC: 158.33 ± 21.55 TG: 60.16 ± 25.16 HDL: 66.66 ± 11.29 VLDL: 12.08 ± 5.08 LDL: 79.16 ± 17.75 | TC: 165.83 ± 19.19 TG: 72.39 ± 20.71 HDL: 61.58 ± 9.10 VLDL: 14.41 ± 4.67 LDL: 89.58 ± 14.70 | TC: 168.08 ± 15.61 TG: 72.00 ± 14.79 HDL: 58.66 ± 15.61 VLDL: 14.25 ± 3.16 LDL: 89.66 ± 12.26 | CM: Significant decrease in LDL only. |