Bei Mu Gua Lou San facilitates mucus expectoration by increasing surface area and hydration levels of airway mucus in an air-liquid-interface cell culture model of the respiratory epithelium

Table 1 Herbal formulation of BMGLS. Herbal ingredients and their proportion in BMGLS including traditional usage and effects reported in literature. Major active compounds are given

Herb	% of crude drug	Effect acc. To Literature	Major active compounds	Reference
Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don (dried bulb of Fritillaria cirrhosa)	23	antitussive, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-oxidative	alkaloids, saponins, imperialine, nucleosides, terpenoids, sterols, …	[8,9,10,11, 30, 31]
Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. (dried fruit and root of Trichosanthes kirilowii)	15.4 each	expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, ribosome-inactivating, Ca²⁺ scavenging	trichosanthin, Karasurin, Agglutinin, beta-sitosterol, …	[13, 15, 32]
Poria cocos Wolf (inner part of the dried sclerotia of Poria cocos)	15.4	tonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, ameliorating phlegm and edema, anti-tumor	pachymic acid, tumulosic acid, eburicoic acid, …	[14, 33]
Citrus reticulata Blanco (dried exocarp of Citrus reticulata)	15.4	antioxidant, anti-tumor	hesperidin, nobelitin, tangeretin, …	[16]
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (dried root of Platycodon grandiflorus)	15.4	cytotoxic for tumor cells, antiviral, neuroprotective, antioxidant, immune-modulative	saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, …	[12, 34]

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