Fig. 3

Antiseizure effects of BO (30, 100, 300 mg/kg, p. o.) and DIA (0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/kg, i. p.) in naïve mouse (no antibiotic treatment) and germ-free mouse (treated with VMAN). Assessment was based on seizure latency (A), frequency (B), and duration (C) induced by PTZ. The antiseizure effects were reversed following antibiotic pre-treatment. The presented data display the mean of the respective groups ± SEM (n = 7). * indicates a significance level of P < 0.05, while **** indicates P < 0.0001 (assessed through Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test)