Skip to main content

Table 3 Pre-post-intervention between and within intervention and control groups scores of emotion regulation, GSE, and self-esteem

From: Equine-assisted therapy effectiveness in improving emotion regulation, self-efficacy, and perceived self-esteem of patients suffering from substance use disorders

 

Intervention (n = 50)

Control (n = 50)

Student

t-test

p-value

Mean ± SD

Median

Mean ± SD

Median

Pre-intervention:

      

 Reappraisal (max 42)

23.4 ± 6.6a

24.00

24.2 ± 6.9

25.50

-0.622

0.536

 Suppression (max 28)

16.3 ± 5.2 b

17.50

15.6 ± 4.6

16.00

0.676

0.501

 GSE (max 40)

20.9 ± 7.8c

19.00

21.3 ± 7.2e

19.50

-0.240

0.811

 Self-esteem@ (max 50)

18.0 ± 6.7d

18.00

19.0 ± 6.3f

18.50

-0.817

0.416

Post-intervention:

      

 Reappraisal (max 42)

29.1 ± 8.1a

33.00

24.0 ± 8.8

27.50

3.022

0.003*

 Suppression (max 28)

8.5 ± 6.4b

5.00

16.1 ± 5.7

18.00

-6.334

< 0.001*

 GSE (max 40)

33.1 ± 7.5c

35.00

24.4 ± 7.3e

25.00

5.902

< 0.001*

 Self-esteem@ (max 50)

9.9 ± 5.3 d

7.00

15.7 ± 3.8f

18.00

-6.328

< 0.001*

  1. (*) Statistically significant at p < 0.05 (@) negative: higher score indicates lower self-esteem
  2. Pre-post differences within groups: (a-a, b-b, c-c, d-d, e-e, f-f) Statistically significant at p < 0.05