Fig. 1

Relative gene expression (mean fold change) of (a) STAT1, (b) STAT2, (c) STAT3, (d) STAT4, (e) STAT5, and (f) STAT6 in the different groups of treatments. Data were normalized with gapdh. Data were represented as mean SD. The number 24 and 48 refers to different time orders of HT-29 cell line treatments. C, control; SP, Sonicated Pathogen; PL, first sonicated pathogen and then Lactobacillus spp.; PB, first pathogen and then Bifidobacterium spp.; PLB, first pathogen and then Lac/Bif. Data were considered as statistically significant when p < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001). The γ symbol indicates the relatedness between C24 and C48 with other treatments, the Δ symbol shows the relatedness between P24 and other treatments, and the empty circle shows the relatedness between SP48 with other treatments. The relatedness between other treatments is shown with brackets