Fig. 2

Comparison of the effect of selected crude extracts from Prabchompoothaweep remedy on inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecule. PbA-infected mice are administered A. lancea, Prabchompoothaweep remedy, Art-AL combination, and Art-PT combination, and qRT-PCR was performed on the brain at day 13 post-infection. Gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokine (A: TNF-α; B: IL-1β; C: IL-6; and D: IL-10), chemokine (E: CXCL4 and F: CXCL10), and adhesion molecule (G: ICAM-1, H: VCAM-1, and I: CD36) were measured in the brain. Results are demonstrated as mRNA expression of the infected-untreated group, artesunate, A. lancea crude extract, Prabchompoothaweep remedy crude extract, Art-AL combination group, or Art-PT combination group, relative to the control group. The relative levels of gene expression are normalized to those of GAPDH in each sample, and the gene mRNA relative expressions are calculated using the threshold cycle (Ct) method. PbA, Plasmodium berghei ANKA; Art, artesunate; AL, A. lancea; PT, Prabchompoothaweep remedy. Results are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n = 5 per group) and are representative of at least two independent experiments. * p < 0.05 versus PbA, ** p < 0.001 versus PbA