Table 2 Scientific evaluation of the antimalarial properties of the identified medicinal plants and their phytocompounds

1.

E. chlorantha

Stem bark

Ethanol, water, methanol, dichloromethane, hexane

In vitro Boyom et al. [112]

Very good to moderate activity P. falciparum W2 strain

0.68–14.72 µg/ml IC₅₀

Jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine

In vitro and in vivo [113]

2.

A. indica

Leaf Stem bark

Hydroethanol

Dichloromethane

In vivo [114]

Suppression of 49.75 ± 3.64 to 69.28 ± 1.36% against P. berghei NK65 at 75–300 mg/kg

In vitro [115]

Very good activity against P. falciparum W2 strain

4.7 µg/ml IC₅₀

Nimbolide

In vitro and in vivo [116]

Gedunin

In vitro [117]

Azadirachtin

In vitro [118]

3.

M. indica

Stem bark

Ethanol

In vivo [119]

Suppression of 76.9 ± 0.02% against P. berghei NK65 strain at 1,000 mg/kg

4.

M. lucida

Leaf

Root

Leaf

Hydroethanol (50:50)

Aqueous

Methanol

In vivo [120]

Suppression of 96.24% at 200 and 400 mg/kg

In vivo [119]

Suppression of 60.9 ± 0.01% against P. berghei NK65 strain at 1,200 mg/kg

In vitro [121]

Excellent activity against P. falciparum

25 nM IC₅₀

Digitolutein, rubiadin 1-methyl ether and damnacanthal

In vitro [122]

Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid

In vitro and in vivo [123]

5.

X. aethiopica

Seed

Aqueous

In vitro [124]

Moderate activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain

14 µg/ml IC₅₀

Xylopic acid

In vivo [125]

6.

A. occidentale

Apple

Ethanol

In vitro [126]

Poor activity against P. falciparum D6 strain

0.577 g/ml IC₅₀

Anacardic acid

In vitro [127]

Cardol triene 1 and 2-methylcardol triene 4

In vitro [126]

7.

C. limon

Leaf

Dichloromethane

In vitro [128]

Good activity against P. falciparum D10 strain

5.0 µg/ml IC₅₀

8.

C. citratus

Leaf

Dried and ground into powder

In vivo [129]

Suppression effect of 99.89% at 1,600 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA

9.

L. inermis

Leaf

Dichloromethane:methanol (1:1)

In vivo [84]

Suppression effect of 68.20% at 250 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA strain

10.

A. boonei

Leaf

Stem bark

Ethanol

Ethanol

In vivo [130]

Suppression effect of 74.9% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65 strain

In vivo [131]

Suppression effect of 75% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65 strain

11.

N. latifolia

Leaf

Ethanol

In vivo [132]

Suppression effect of 60.63% at 500 mg/kg against P. berghei

12.

A. altilis

Leaf and stem bark

Ethanol

In vivo and in vitro [133]

Very active against P. berghei ANKA at ED₅₀ value of 0.82 mg/kg

Very good activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain

1.32 μg/ml IC₅₀

1-(2,4-dihydroxy phenyl)-3-[8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl]-1-propanone

In vitro [134]

13.

C. papaya

Leaf

Leaf

n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane

Ethyl acetate

In vitro [135]

Very good to moderate activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains

In vitro [136]

Very good activity against P. falciparum D10 strain

1.52–20.32 g/ml IC₅₀

2.96 µg/ml IC₅₀

Carpaine

In vitro [135]

Linoleic and linolenic acids

In vitro [136]

14.

C. longa

Leaf

Ethanol

In vivo [130]

Suppression effect of 78.4% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65 strain

15.

V. amygdalina

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Ethanol

Ethanol

Aqueous

In vitro and in vivo [137]

Good activity against P. falciparum 3D7

Suppression of 82.3% at 1,000 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA

In vivo [138]

Suppression of 67% at 1,000 mg/kg against P. berghei

In vivo [139]

Suppression of 63% at 125 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA

9.83 µg/ml IC₅₀

Vernonioside A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, vernodalin, vernodalol, vernolide and hydroxyvernolide

In vitro [140]

16.

T. cacao

Leaf

Aqueous

In vivo [141]

Suppression effect of 79.19% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA strain

17.

L. alata

Leaf

Hexane

In vitro and in vivo [142]

Very good activity against P. falciparum NF54 and K1 strains

Suppression effect of 74.45% at 500 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65

2.5 µg/ml IC₅₀

18.

C. nucifera

Husk fibre

Ethyl acetate

In vitro and in vivo [143]

Good activity against P. falciparum W2 strain

Suppression effect of 98.6% at 125 mg/Kg against P. berghei NK65

10.94 μg/ml IC₅₀

19.

H. madagascariensis

Leaf

Stem bark

Methanol

Ethanol

In vitro [144]

Weak activity against P. falciparum D6 strain

In vitro and in vivo [145]

Poor activity against P. falciparum

Suppression of 28.6–44.8% at 20–80 mg/kg against P. yoelii nigeriensis N67 strain

39.07 ± 1.57 μg/ml

0.052–0.517 g/ml IC₅₀

Bazouanthrone, feruginin, harunganin, harunganol A and harunganol B

In vitro [146]

20.

K. africana

Leaf, root, stem bark and fruit

Stem bark

n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and methanol

Ethyl Acetate

In vivo [9]

Suppression effect of 70.33- 84.73% at 500 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65

In vitro [147]

Moderate activity against P. falciparum W2 strain

11.15 μg/ml IC₅₀

p-hydroxycinnamic acid, specicoside, 2β,3β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en28-oic acid and atranorin

In vitro [148]

21.

S. acuta

Leaf

Leaf

Methanol

Ethanol

In vivo [149]

Suppression effect of 64.64% at 600 mg/kg against P. berghei NK 65 strain

In vivo [150]

Suppression effect of 97.38% at 600 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA-65 strain

Cryptolepine

In vitro [151]

22.

Z. zanthoxyloides

Leaf

Root

Methanol

Aqueous

In vivo [152]

Suppression effect of 95.95% at 600 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA-65 strain

In vitro [153]

Very good activity against P. falciparum strain 3D7

4.9 μg/mL IC₅₀

Fagaronine

In vitro [153, 154]

23.

T. diversifolia

Aerial part

Ethanol

In vivo [155]

Suppression effect of 82.55% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei var Anka 1 strain

Tagitinin C

In vitro [156]

24.

G. kola

Stem bark

Seed

Ethanol and petroleum ether

n-Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol

In vitro [157]

Very good activity against P. falciparum

In vivo and in vitro [158]

Moderate activity against P. falciparum D10 strain

 < 3 µg/ml IC₅₀

10.59–25.65 µg/mL IC₅₀

Kolaviron

In vivo [159]

I-4′,II-4′,I-5,II-5,I-7,II-7-hexahydroxy-I-3,II-8-biflavanone, II-3,I-4′,II-4’,I-5,II-5,I-7,II-7-heptahydroxy-I-3,II8-biflavanone and II-3, 3′,I-4′,II-4′,I-5,II-5,I-7, II-7-octahydroxy-I-3,II-8-biflavanone

In vitro and in vivo [160]

25.

C. aurantifolia

Leaf

Methanol

In vivo [161]

Suppression effect of 75.66% at 320 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65 strain

26.

P. guajava

Leaf

Leaf

Ethanol

Aqueous

In vivo [162]

Suppression effect of 58.9 and 67.4% at 600 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA strain and P. chabaudi chabaudi

In vitro [163]

Good activity against P. falciparum K1 strain

5.46 µg/ml

IC₅₀

27.

K. ivorensis

Stem bark

Aqueous

In vivo [164]

Suppression effect of 35.5% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA strain

28.

A. nilotica

Leaf, pods and bark

Twigs

Hydroethanol

Dichloromethane/ methanol

In vitro [165]

Very good activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain

In vitro [166]

Moderate activity against P. falciparum D10 strain

1.29, 4.16 and 4.28 μg/ml IC₅₀

13 µg/ml IC₅₀

29.

B. coccineus

Leaf

Ethanol

In vivo [167]

Suppression effect of 92.3% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei berghei

30.

W. indica

Aerial parts

Aqueous and dichloromethanol:methanol (1:1)

In vitro [166]

Poor activity against P. falciparum D10 strain

 > 100 μg/ml IC₅₀

31.

A. leiocarpus

Stem bark

Methanol, water, butanol and ethyl acetate

In vitro [168]

Good to moderate activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and K1

10.94–13.77 µg/ml IC₅₀

Castalagin, ellagic acid, flavogallonic acid and punicalagin

In vitro [168]

32.

A. compressus

Leaf

Aqueous

In vivo [169]

Suppression effect of 85.7% at 62.5 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65

33.

V. paradoxa

Leaves and stem bark

Stem bark

70% aqueous methanol

Dichloromethane

In vitro [170]

Weak to very weak activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain

In vitro [171]

Weak activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain

39 and 66 µg/ml IC₅₀

43.94 ± 13.44 µg/ml IC₅₀

34.

Z. officinale

Root

Hydromethanol

In vivo [172]

Suppression effect of 32.83 ± 1.03% at 1000 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA strain

35.

P. kotschyi

Leaf

Ethanol

In vivo [173]

Suppression effect of 90% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65 strain

Kotschyins A-C, 7-deacetylgedunin and 7-deacetyl-7-oxogedunin

In vitro [174]

36.

A. comosus

Leaf

Ethanol

In vitro [175]

Very weak activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and INDO strains

 > 100 µg/ml IC₅₀

37.

P. americana

Leaf

Methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous

In vivo [176]

Suppression effect of 55.00 ± 0.06 to 64.01 ± 0.08% at 200–400 mg/kg against P. berghei

1, 2, 4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-ene and 1, 2, 4, 15-tetrahydroxyheptadecane-6, 16-diene

In vitro [177]

38.

O. gratissimum

Fresh leaf

Leaf

Leaf and twig

Leaf

Aqueous (Hydrodistillation)

Aqueous

Dichloromethane

Methanol

In vivo [178]

Suppression effect of 77.8% at 500 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA strain

In vitro [163]

Good activity against P. falciparum K1 strain

In vitro [179]

Good activity against P. falciparum D6 and W2 strains

In vitro [180]

Good activity against P. falciparum D6 and W2 strains

7.25 µg/ml IC₅₀

8.616 µg/ml IC₅₀

5.9 µg/ml IC₅₀

39.

P. africana

Stem bark

Methanol, aqueous, butanol and ethyl acetate

In vitro [168]

Moderate activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and K1

14.97–15.28 µg/ml IC₅₀

40.

C. sinensis

Stem

Rind of ripe fruit

Ethanol

Petroleum ether and methanol

In vivo [181]

Suppression effect of 53.27% at 700 mg/kg against P. berghei ANKA strain

In vitro [182]

Very weak activity against P. falciparum FCK 2 strain

51.06–53.61 µg/ml IC₅₀

41.

D. oliveri

Leaf

Stem bark

Methanol

Methanol, aqueous, butanol and ethyl acetate

In vivo [183]

Suppression effect of 87% at 700 mg/kg against P. berghei

In vitro [168]

Weak activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and K1 strains

23.14–32.97 µg/ml IC₅₀

42.

F. exasperata

Leaf

Ethanol

In vivo [184]

Suppression effect of 82% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65 strain

43.

F. platyphylla

Stem bark

Ethanol

In vivo [185]

Suppression effect of 43.50% at 300 mg/kg against P. berghei

44.

J. curcas

Leaf

Ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol

In vitro [158]

Good to moderate activity against P. falciparum K1 and NF54 strains

2.39 ± 0.54- 31.09 ± 4.36 µg/ml IC₅₀

45.

M. discoidea

Leaf

Aqueous, ethanol and methanol

In vitro [115]

Moderate to weak activity against P. falciparum K1 and NF54 strains

13.60 ± 1.80- 43.61 ± 0.92 µg/ml IC₅₀

46.

P. nigrescens

Leaf

Aqueous

In vivo [186]

Suppression effect of 86% at 150 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65

47.

P. thonningii

Leaf

Ethanol

In vivo [187]

Suppression effect of 91.94% at 400 mg/kg against P. berghei NK65

48.

P. guineense

Leaf

Ethanol

In vivo [188]

Suppression effect of 62.69% at 600 mg/kg against P. berghei