Fig. 2

The effects of (A) AH, (B) BH, (C) EH, and (D) RH on the levels of histamine released by PMACI-induced HMC-1 cells. PMACI-induced cells were pre-treated without (normal control) or with increasing concentrations of KHs (0.25, 0.5, and 1%) for 1 h followed by 24 h induction with PMACI. The cromolyn sodium treatment group was used as a positive control. The level of cytokines released were determined using respective ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Results obtained from three repeated independent experiments are expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard error of mean (SEM). ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.005 as compared to the normal control group (black bars)