Fig. 3

SAF-Hex induces DNA damage in HeLa cells. DNA damage was assessed in HeLa cells treated with SAF-Hex at concentrations of 0, 5, and 25 µg/mL for 36 h using A Western blotting for γH2AX and B qPCR for P53 mRNA levels. Original images of Western blots are shown in Fig. S2. C TUNEL assay. DNA-fragmented positive cells appear brown. Images were captured at a magnification of 20 × , with scale bars indicating 50 μm. qPCR, quantitative PCR; SAF-Hex, hexane fraction of the SAF extract. Data are represented as mean ± SD and analyzed using one-way ANOVA; n = 3–4; ***P < 0.001