Fig. 1

Effects of SAF-Hex on cell cytotoxicity. Relative cell viability of various cell lines following treatment with A SAF-EA and B SAF-Hex. C Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of SAF-Hex, assessed at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 and 400 µg/mL on HeLa (circle) and HEK293 (square) cells. Relative inhibition of cell survival was plotted against the logarithm of SAF-Hex concentrations (µg/mL). D Time-dependent cytotoxicity of SAF-Hex at IC50 (black square) on HeLa cells over 72 h. The control group was cultured without SAF-Hex (white circle). E Morphological changes in HeLa cells during the time-dependent cytotoxicity assay at 15 × magnification. F Alterations in the nuclei of HeLa cells following treatment with SAF-Hex at the IC50 concentration (4.2 µg/mL), as observed with DAPI staining at 60 × magnification. Scale bars represent 50 μm. IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration; SAF-EA, SAF-Hex, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions of the SAF extract, respectively. Data are represented as mean ± SD; n = 3–4