Fig. 6
Effect of AA given via nose-to-brain delivery and oral administration on glial activation induced by Aβ1-42 in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus. (A) Representative micrograph showing the activation of astrocytes and microglia immunostained with GFAP (red) and TMEM119 (green). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). The scale bar was 20 µm. Quantification of the percentage area of GFAP (B) and TMEM119 (C) in the CA1 subregion. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6/group). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the Sham group; #p < 0.05, ###p < 0.001 compared with the Aβ + Veh group; $p < 0.05 compared with the Aβ + INAA group (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test)