Fig. 3
Effect of AA given via nose-to-brain delivery and oral administration on the recognition memory impairment induced by Aβ1-42 in the novel object recognition test. (A) Exploration time in the testing phase, (B) discrimination index, (C) % preference index, (D) total exploration time in the testing phase. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 10–11/group). †p < 0.05, †††p < 0.001, ††††p < 0.0001, novel object vs familiar object (paired t-test), *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 compared with the Sham group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 compared with the Aβ + Veh group (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test), ns = not significant