Fig. 2
Effect of AA given via nose-to-brain delivery and oral administration on the spatial memory dysfunction induced by Aβ1-42 in the MWM test. (A) Latency time to reach the platform, (B) swimming distance to reach the platform, (C) swimming speed during the MWM test, (D) representative of tracking pattern on day 5 of the MWM test, (E) Time spent in the target quadrant and (F) swimming speed during the probe trial in the MWM test. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 11–12/group), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the Sham group in the same day, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared with the Aβ + Veh group in the same day, $p < 0.05, $$$p < 0.001 compared with the Aβ + INAA group in the same day (A and B; two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test) (C and F; one-way ANOVA) (E; one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post-hoc test)