Table 4 Major telemedicine findings and type of research in the included studies investigating CAIMs used in the context of telemedicine

Addington et al., 2018 [25]

Internet delivery may increase patients’ access to cancer-adapted yoga classes, but cancer-related and technological barriers remain

Armin et al., 2020 [26]

Research indicates the need to build on smokers’ understandings of CAM techniques, such as meditation or mindfulness, to make guided imagery an appealing tool for smoking cessation

Berman et al., 2009 [27]

The study suggests that the Internet can be an efficient mode for delivering self-care education to older adults with chronic pain and has potential benefits that complement clinical care

Bombardier et al., 2013 [28]

Telephone-based physical activity promotion represents a promising approach to treating MDD in MS. Further research is warranted on ways to bolster the impact of the intervention and on mediators of the treatment effect

Cavalera et al., 2019 [29]

An online mindfulness based intervention could be an effective psychological treatment for the promotion of well-being in MS in short-term. However, the lack of lasting effects requires the development of new strategies to support long-term changes

Cheung et al., 2018 [30]

The majority of users found the Qigong App pleasant, user friendly, and useful for learning qigong. Participants indicated positive ratings for the items assessing usability and acceptance of the App

Davis et al., 2015 [31]

Results suggest that Mindfulness Training for Smokers can be provided via web-based video instruction with phone support and yield reasonable participant engagement on intervention practices and that intervention efficacy and mechanism of effect deserve further study

Dimitropoulos et al., 2017 [32]

These findings support using telehealth in rare disorders and delivering intervention directly to children with developmental delays through this modality

Donesky et al., 2017 [33]

Tele-Yoga is an acceptable and appropriate intervention in people with HF and COPD and further research is warranted to refine the technology used in its delivery

Ezenwa et al., 2016 [34]

The tablet-based guided relaxation intervention shows promise for reducing sickle cell pain and warrants a larger efficacy trial

Ferraris et al., 2020 [35]

Constant remote monitoring by e-mail could be a feasible and effective way for a better cKD management

Freeman et al., 2014 [36]

There were no significant differences between live delivery and tele delivery, suggesting telemedicine delivered ERL intervention may represent an effective and viable option for cancer survivors in remote areas

Gardner-Nix et al., 2014 [37]

The present study lends support for the effectiveness of mind–body interventions in improving mental health and suffering in chronic pain sufferers seeking help in tertiary pain clinic settings. It also provides evidence for the usefulness of a mindfulness-based program modified specifically for the chronic pain population and supports its delivery through telemedicine

Golebowicz et al., 2015 [38]

This study found that it was feasible and partially effective to integrate a tele-biofeedback ergonomic intervention programme for computer operators suffering from WRMSD

Green et al., 2020 [39]

It was possible to quickly implement real time video conferencing and other forms of telehealth for chiropractic services at 2 worksite health centers

Guétin et al., 2016 [40]

The smartphone-based Music Care application is an easy-to-use tool to reduce anxiety in patients undergoing coronarography

Hansen, 2015 [41]

The feasibility of the implementation of novel interventions of Nature Video and Music (NVAM) and NVAM adds to clinical practice and the complementary therapy literature

Hasan et al., 2019 [42]

Skype hypnotherapy is effective but slightly less so than face-to-face treatment. However, many patients would have been unable to access treatment without the Skype option

Hernandez et al., 2018 [43]

An innovative Internet-based positive psychological intervention represents a feasible and useful therapeutic option for hemodialysis patients with depressive symptoms

Horneber et al., 2018 [44]

Consulting about CAM addresses important unmet needs from cancer patients and their relatives

Houweling et al., 2015 [45]

Spinal, hip, and shoulder pain patients had clinically similar pain relief, greater satisfaction levels, and lower overall cost if they initiated care with Chiropractors, when compared with those who initiated care with Medical Doctors

Hu et al., 2013 [46]

The result shows that the contribution made by the cloud system to the Traditional Chinese Medicine service is multi-dimensional: cost-effective, environment-protective, and performance-enhancing

Huberty et al., 2017 [47]

Overall women who completed three or more weeks of the online intervention were satisfied with online yoga as a means of delivering an intervention after a baby’s death. Women perceived the online yoga as beneficial to both their mental and physical health, ability to be more aware and calm, and self-care. Women reported barriers shared by other middle-aged women and/or women of live births (e.g., time, motivation, family responsibilities). All but one would recommend it to other mothers of stillborn children

Hucker et al., 2014 [48]

The intervention resulted in significant improvement in sexual intimacy and communication, and in emotional intimacy for study group 1. Most improvements were maintained at follow-up

Kahn et al., 2016 [49]

Both veterans and partners were able to learn and make sustained use of a range of wellness practices taught in the MR program

Kemper et al., 2017 [50]

Online training in mind–body therapies is associated with changes in self-reported behavior one year later; increasing doses of training are associated with more frequent practice which is associated with less stress, burnout, and missing work, and higher levels of mindfulness, resilience, and confidence in providing compassionate care

Kim et al., 2020 [51]

Telemedicine care also has shown that even with patient's residence transition, medical care can be continued without pause

Krampe et al., 2016 [52]

Overall, Fuze is a feasible, engaging, and satisfying approach for dance-based therapy, with better audio and visual performance than Skype. The use of synchronous technology to provide therapeutic activities for older adults is an area of research and exploration that appears to have great potential

Krampe, & Musterman, 2013 [53]

With the dedicated efforts of a few key persons, Skype can be an option for the future to connect nurses as well as nursing students with patients

Krout et al., 2010 [54]

Recommendations and suggestions were made by students on how to improve the set-up of music therapy telehealth environment for song-writing sessions

Kubo et al., 2019 [55]

It is feasible to conduct a randomized trial of an mHealth mindfulness intervention for cancer patients and their informal caregivers

Kwon et al., 2020 [56]

Created a manual to introduce insights into the development of mental health interventions for COVID-19

Lee et al., 2020 [57]

Through a convenient, affordable, and easily accessible online format, mindfulness based therapy may provide cost-effective solutions for employees at worksites

Lester et al., 2019 [58]

The mind–body video conferencing was well accepted, highly feasible and resulted in sustained improvement in QoL, demonstrating adolescents are receptive to and benefit from learning resiliency skills in groups via live video

Mussman, 2016 [59]

The pilot study’s findings support the feasibility of providing online four-week yoga e-health intervention

Ondersma et al., 2019 [60]

These two high-reach intervention elements showed strong feasibility and modest to high acceptability

Papadaki et al., 2016 [61]

An Internet-based, workplace MedDiet intervention should address adherence barriers, utilize a tailored approach to setting and reviewing goals, and activate social support to facilitate adherence. These findings indicate that the MedDiet is suitable for those in non-Mediterranean areas

Petersen et al., 2017 [62]

Online spiritual care educational programs may exert a lasting impact on nurses’ attitudes toward and knowledge of spiritual care and their competence to provide spiritual care to children with cancer at the end of life

Reilly-Spong et al., 2015 [63]

Telephone-Adapted Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction is an accessible intervention that may be useful to people with a wide spectrum of health conditions

Rickhi et al., 2015 [64]

The results of the e-mental health LEAP Project pilot trial suggest that it is an effective, online intervention for youth ages 13 to 24 with mild to moderate major depressive disorder with various life situations and in a limited way on spiritual well-being and self-concept

Rogante et al., 2010 [65]

Wireless technology such as surface electromyography with biofeedback allows a reduction in complexity of tasks required of patients with arm impairments

Rosmarin et al., 2010 [66]

It is important to incorporate spiritual content into treatment to help facilitate the delivery of psychotherapy to religious individuals

Rybarczyk et al., 1999 [67]

A lower cost, more accessible home study version of a mind–body wellness program can be an effective alternative to classroom instruction

Sarah et al., 2019 [68]

Telerehabilitation significantly improves yoga adherence maintaining achieved health benefits in the long term

Seidler et al., 2017 [69]

This pilot study suggests a telerehabilitation approach to group tango class for people with Parkinson Disease is feasible and may have similar outcomes to in-person instruction

Selman et al., 2015 [23]

Tele-Yoga is an acceptable and appropriate intervention in people with HF and COPD and further research is warranted to refine the technology used in its delivery

Shrier et al., 2014 [70]

Results suggest that mobile technology is a promising tool for brief interventions to reduce youth cannabis use and warrants further development

Simpson et al., 2002 [71]

Hypnosis can be provided successfully via videoconferencing

Singh et al., 2017 [72]

Tele-health may be an effective approach to providing training and therapy to caregivers in remote locations that cannot readily access specialist services

Stubberud et al., 2020 [73]

An app for young migraine sufferers to receive therapist-independent biofeedback was created. The app has undergone usability and feasibility testing, and is now ready for clinical trials

Tan et al., 2013 [74]

It is feasible to provide treatment to women veterans living in rural areas by utilizing video-teleconferencing technology between larger VA medical centers and facilities at CBOCs in more rural settings

Thompson et al., 2015 [75]

Distance delivery of group MBCT can prevent episodes of MDD, reduce symptoms of depression, and increase life satisfaction in people with epilepsy

Tkatch et al., 2017 [76]

Community-dwelling older adults would successfully engage in an online mindfulness intervention. Retention and participation rates were high with over 50% completing the program. Findings related to the second goal of this study demonstrated that an online mindfulness meditation intervention could positively influence caregiver burden, quality of life, and psychological well-being

Tucker et al., 2008 [77]

Adults can be educated and motivated via telephone to change behaviors leading to weight loss, and a weight-loss supplement can be included to increase success

Uebelacker, et al., 2018 [78]

These preliminary data support the utility of online yoga tailored specifically for people with mood disorders as a possible adjunctive intervention that warrants further investigation

Vederhus et al., 2020 [79]

The app can be an alternative for those who are not yet prepared to seek treatment in formal healthcare services

Vranceanu et al., 2016 [80]

For patients with neurofibromatosis, a mind–body program is superior to an attention placebo control in improving QoL

Wang et al., 2011 [24]

It could be demonstrated that teleacupuncture between China/Harbin and Austria/Graz over a distance of about 8,500 km is no longer a future vision; it has become reality

Wang et al., 2016 [81]

Music is a safe and effective nonpharmacological intervention for improving the sleep quality of community-dwelling elderly people, especially in improving sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and daytime dysfunction

Yeh et al., 2013 [82]

Auricular acupressure combined with interactive Internet instruction is better than auricular acupuncture alone in improving self-care behaviors

Zini et al., 2018 [83]

An mHealth application for training and empowering patients in managing KD can act as a bridge connecting patients with the health care staff for coaching and monitoring purposes

Zwart et al., 2000 [84]

The use of telephone by lay pastoral caregivers can be a means of promoting interpersonal support and enhancement of spiritual well-being within a church congregation