Table 3 Participant characteristics of the included interventional studies investing CAIMs delivered via telemedicine (n = 56)
Author, Year | Article Title | Intervention Sample Size | Control Sample Size | Intervention Drop-Out | Control Drop-Out | % Female | Mean Age (SD) or Median Age (IQR) in Years | Health Related Condition/Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Addington et al., 2018 [25] | Convenient and Live Movement (CALM) for Women Undergoing Breast Cancer Treatment: Challenges and Recommendations for Internet-Based Yoga Research | n = 6 | Not applicable | n = 2 | Not applicable | 100% | 59 (12.7) | Cancer |
Berman et al., 2009 [27] | The Effectiveness of an Online Mind–Body Intervention for Older Adults with Chronic Pain | n = 52 | n = 37 | n = 11 | n = 0 | 87.80% | 65.8 | Chronic pain |
Bombardier et al., 2013 [28] | Telephone-Based Physical Activity Counseling for Major Depression in People with Multiple Sclerosis | n = 44 | n = 48 | n = 0 | n = 0 | 86% | 48 | MDD and MS |
Cavalera et al., 2019 [29] | Online Meditation Training for People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial | n = 54 | n = 67 | n = 8 | n = 23 | 64.40% | Intervention: 42.26 (8.35), control: 43.19 (9.02) | MS |
Cheung et al., 2018 [30] | Usability Testing of a Smartphone Application for Delivering Qigong Training | Pilot: n = 14, main test: n = 100 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | Pilot: 71%, main test: 74% | Pilot: 32.3 (8.7), main: 36.15 (13.525) | Cantonese or Putonghua speaking adults who owned a smartphone |
Davis et al., 2015 [31] | Mindfulness Training for Smokers via Web-Based Video Instruction with Phone Support: A Prospective Observational Study | n = 26 | Not applicable | n = 6 | Not applicable | 57.70% | 40.5 (13.48) | Smokers |
Dimitropoulous et al., 2017 [32] | Evaluating the Feasibility of a Play-Based Telehealth Intervention Program for Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome | n = 10 | Not applicable | n = 2 | Not applicable | 30% | Not available | Prader-Willi syndrome |
Donesky et al., 2017 [33] | Evaluation of the Feasibility of a Home-Based TeleYoga Intervention in Participants with Both Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Heart Failure | n = 7 | n = 8 | n = 1 | n = 2 | 66% | Intervention: 73 (14.3), control: 70.5 (2.7) | COPD and HF |
Ezenwa et al., 2016 [34] | A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Feasibility of a Tablet-Based Guided Audio-Visual Relaxation Intervention for Reducing Stress and Pain in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease | n = 15 | n = 13 | n = 3 | n = 1 | 70% | 31.70 (10.2) | Sickle cell disease |
Ferraris et al., 2020 [35] | Use of Remote Monitoring by E-mail for Long-Term Management of the Classic Ketogenic Diet | n = 34 | Not applicable | n = 3 | Not applicable | 53% | 7.5 (IQR 4.0–10.00) | Drug-resistant epilepsy or GLUT-1-DS |
Freeman et al., 2014 [36] | A Randomized Trial Comparing Live and Telemedicine Deliveries of an Imagery-Based Behavioral Intervention for Breast Cancer Survivors: Reducing Symptoms and Barriers to Care | n = 23 | n = 47 | n = 4 | n = 4 | 100% | Intervention: 55.57 (9.88), control: 55.28 (7.90) | Cancer survivors |
Gardner-Nix et al., 2014 [37] | Exploring the Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Chronic Pain Management Course Delivered Simultaneously to On-Site and Off-Site Patients Using Telemedicine | n = 60 | n = 59 | n = 0 | n = 0 | 75% | 52 | Chronic pain patients |
Golebowicz et al., 2015 [38] | Efficacy of a Telerehabilitation Intervention Programme Using Biofeedback Among Computer Operators | n = 12 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 50% | 34.25 (8.80) | Work-related musculoskeletal disorders |
Guétin et al., 2016 [40] | Smartphone-based Music Listening to Reduce Pain and Anxiety Before Coronarography: A Focus on Sex Differences | n = 35 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 48.50% | 61.26 (11.64) | Management of pain and anxiety in coronarography patients |
Hansen et al., 2015 [41] | A Feasibility Pilot Study on the Use of Complementary Therapies Delivered via Mobile Technologies on Icelandic Surgical Patients' Reports of Anxiety, Pain, and Self-efficacy in Healing | Total: n = 81, audio-relaxation: n = 25, music: n = 25, nature video, no music: n = 16, nature video with music: n = 15 | n = 24 | n = 0 | n = 0 | 80% (Note: this was calculated for the purpose of this review) | Audio-relaxation: 45.2 (13.4), music: 46 (15), nature video, no music: 44.60 (16.5), nature video with music: 43.90 (13.5) | Same day surgery patients |
Hasan et al., 2019 [42] | Skye Hypnotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Effectiveness and Comparison with Face-to-Face Treatment | n = 20 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 75% | 38.40 | Irritable bowel syndrome |
Hernandez et al., 2018 [43] | Feasibility of an Internet-Based Positive Psychological Intervention for Hemodialysis Patients with Symptoms of Depression | n = 14 | Not applicable | n = 2 | Not applicable | 50% | 57.43 (12.12) | Hemodialysis patients with symptoms of depression |
Horneber et al., 2018 [44] | Addressing Unmet Information Needs: Results of a Clinician-Led Consultation Service About Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Cancer Patients and Their Relatives | Total: n = 5259, patients: n = 3009, caregivers: n = 2260 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | Total: 65.40%, patients: 64.10%, caregivers: 66.80% | Total: 55 (13), patients: 56 (12), caregivers: 49 (15) | Cancer patients and relatives |
Houweling et al., 2015 [45] | First-Contact Care with a Medical vs Chiropractic Provider After Consultation with a Swiss Telemedicine Provider: Comparison of Outcomes, Patient Satisfaction, and Health Care Costs in Spinal, Hip, and Shoulder Pain Patients | n = 316 | n = 403 | n = 0 | n = 0 | 40.80% | Intervention: 41.30 (12.93), Control: 45.70 (13.87) | Spinal, hip, and shoulder pain patients |
Huberty et al., 2017 [47] | Experiences of Women Who Participated in a Beta-Test for an Online-Streamed Yoga Intervention After a Stillbirth | n = 74 | Not applicable | n = 22 | Not applicable | 100% | 33.73 (4.38) | Women after a stillbirth |
Hucker et al., 2014 [48] | An Online, Mindfulness-Based, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Female Sexual Difficulties: Impact on Relationship Functioning | n = 26 | n = 31 | n = 20 | n = 6 | 100% | Intervention: 33.31 (7.4), control: 31.94 (5.17) | Female sexual difficulties |
Kahn et al., 2016 [49] | Post-9/11 Veterans and Their Partners Improve Mental Health Outcomes With a Self-Directed Mobile and Web-Based Wellness Training Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial | n = 240 | n = 80 | n = 4 | n = 0 | Veterans: 19%, partners of veterans: 93% | Not available | Post-9/11 veterans |
Kemper et al., 2017 [50] | Online Training in Mind–Body Therapies: Different Doses, Long-Term Outcomes | n = 149 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 79.80% | Not available | Outcomes for health professionals |
Kim et al., 2020 [51] | Telemedicine Center of Korean Medicine for Treating Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis | n = 1742 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 76.10% | Not available | Hospital patients with COVID-19 |
Krampe, & Musterman, 2013 [53] | Shall We Skype Dance? Connecting Nursing Students with Older Adults via Skype for Dance-Based Therapy | n = 10 | Not applicable | n = 4 | Not applicable | 60% | Not available | Older adults in an assisted living facility |
Krout et al., 2010 [54] | Designing, Piloting, and Evaluating an On-Line Collaborative Song-writing Environment and Protocol Using Skype Telecommunication Technology: Perceptions of Music Therapy Student Participants | n = 4 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 75% | Not available | Song-writing students |
Kubo et al., 2019 [55] | A Randomized Controlled Trial of mHealth Mindfulness Intervention for Cancer Patients and Informal Cancer Caregivers: A Feasibility Study Within an Integrated Health Care Delivery System | Patient: n = 54, caregiver: n = 17 | Patient: n = 43,caregiver: n = 14 | Patient: n = 14, Caregiver: n = 4 | Patient: n = 11, caregiver: n = 1 | 66% | Patient intervention: 59.3 (14.1), caregiver intervention: 57.1 (17.4), Patient control: 56.7 (14.7), Caregiver control: 58.2 (18.6) | Cancer patients and caregivers |
Lee et al., 2020 [57] | Long-term Beneficial Effects of an Online Mind–Body Training Program on Stress and Psychological Outcomes in Female Healthcare Providers: A Non-Randomized Controlled Study | n = 25 | n = 31 | n = 17 | n = 14 | 100% | Intervention: 36.20 (8.17), control: 35.00 (6.74) | Female healthcare providers |
Lester et al., 2019 [58] | Virtual Mind–Body Treatment for Geographically Diverse Youth with Neurofibromatosis: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial | n = 27 | n = 24 | n = 0 | n = 0 | 41.10% | Intervention: 14.48 (1.34), control: 14.26 (1.70) | Youth with neurofibromatosis |
Mussman, 2016 [59] | A Mixed-Methods Feasibility Study on the Provision of a Brief Online Yoga Intervention as e-Health for Improving Stress Management: Perceived Stress, Stage of Change for Stress management, and Self-efficacy for Stress Management and Engagement in Yoga | n = 14 | Not applicable | n = 49 | Not applicable | 85.70% | 43.86 (10.52) | Stress |
Ondersma et al., 2019 [60] | Feasibility and Acceptability of e-Screening and Brief Intervention and Tailored Text Messaging for Marijuana Use in Pregnancy | n = 45 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 100% | 24.90 (5.2) | Cannabis users during pregnancy |
Papadaki et al., 2016 [61] | Employees' Expectations of Internet-Based, Workplace Interventions Promoting the Mediterranean Diet: A Qualitative Study | n = 29 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 51.70% | 42.60 (9.5) | Mediterranean diet in the workplace |
Petersen et al., 2017 [62] | An Online Educational Program Improves Pediatric Oncology Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Spiritual Care Competence | n = 112 | Not applicable | n = 0 | n = 0 | 98.20% | Not available | Pediatric oncology nurses |
Reilly-Spong et al., 2015 [63] | Telephone-Adapted Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation: Trial Design, Rationale and Feasibility | n = 32 | n = 31 | n = 4 | n = 4 | 57.10% | 52.80 (11.7) | Patients awaiting kidney transplantation |
Rickhi et al., 2015 [64] | Evaluation of a Spirituality Informed e-Mental Health Tool as an Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults—A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial | n = 33 | n = 29 | n = 8 | n = 4 | 66.67% (Note: this was calculated for the purpose of this review) | Intervention, younger age: 15.30, intervention, older age: 21, control, younger age: 15.20, control, older age: 20.90 | Youth with MDD |
Rogante et al., 2010 [65] | Electromyographic Audio Biofeedback for Telerehabilitation in Hospital | n = 1 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not available | 59 | A patient with arm impairment following a stroke |
Rosmarin et al., 2010 [66] | A Randomized Controlled Evaluation of a Spiritually Integrated Treatment for Subclinical Anxiety in the Jewish community, Delivered via the Internet | n = 78 | n = 47 | n = 0 | n = 0 | 76.60% | 41.80 (13.6) | Subclinical anxiety among Jewish community |
Rybarczyk et al., 1999 [67] | Comparing Mind–Body Wellness Interventions for Older Adults with Chronic Illness: Classroom Versus Home Instruction | n = 115 | n = 63 | n = 0 | n = 0 | Classroom: 80.5%, home: 83.6%, control: 81.5% | Classroom: 67.60, home: 61.50, control: 64.70 | Older adults with chronic illness |
Sarah et al., 2019 [68] | Effect of Telerehabilitation on Long-Term Adherence to Yoga as an Antihypertensive Lifestyle Intervention: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial | n = 115 | n = 113 | n = 27 | n = 26 | 0% | Intervention: 53.20 (6.0), Control: 53.40 (5.7) | Rehabilitation patients with hypertension |
Seidler et al., 2017 [69] | Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Telerehabilitation Approach to Group Adapted Tango Instruction for People with Parkinson Disease | n = 10 | n = 10 | n = 3 | n = 3 | 55% | Intervention: 68.10 (7.9), control: 68.90 (9.4) | Parkinson’s disease |
Selman et al., 2015 [23] | Appropriateness and Acceptability of a Tele-Yoga Intervention for People with Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Qualitative Findings From a Controlled Pilot Study | n = 7 | n = 8 | n = 1 | n = 2 | 75% | 71.20 (10.09) | HF and COPD |
Shrier et al., 2014 [70] | “Counselor in your pocket”: Youth and Provider Perspectives on a Mobile Motivational Intervention for Marijuana Use | n = 20 | Not applicable | n = 11 | Not applicable | 62.50% | 19.80 | Youth who frequently use cannabis, and providers who treat them |
Simpson et al., 2002 [71] | Video-Hypnosis—The Provision of Specialized Therapy via Videoconferencing | n = 15 | Not applicable | n = 4 | Not applicable | Not available | Not available | Patients with mental health problems who live in remote areas |
Singh et al., 2017 [72] | Tele-Health Training of Teachers to Teach a Mindfulness-Based Procedure for Self Management of Aggressive Behavior to Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities | n = 3 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 0% | 10.66 | Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities |
Stubberud et al., 2020 [73] | Biofeedback Treatment App for Pediatric Migraine: Development and Usability Study | n = 10 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 30% | 15 (1.6) | Pediatric migraine patients |
Tan et al., 2013 [74] | Improving Access to Care for Women Veterans Suffering from Chronic Pain and Depression Associated with Trauma | n = 34 | Not applicable | n = 7 | Not applicable | 100% | 49.50 (10) | Female veterans with chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain |
Thompson et al., 2015 [75] | Expanding the Efficacy of Project UPLIFT: Distance Delivery of Mindfulness-Based Depression Prevention to People with Epilepsy | n = 62 | n = 56 | n = 10 | n = 0 | 65.30% | 41.20 | Epilepsy |
Tkatch et al., 2017 [76] | A Pilot Online Mindfulness Intervention to Decrease Caregiver Burden and Improve Psychological Well-Being | n = 40 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 80% | 71 | Community dwelling older adult caregivers |
Tucker et al., 2008 [77] | Telephone-Based Diet and Exercise Coaching and a Weight-Loss Supplement Result in Weight and Fat Loss in 120 Men and Women | n = 64 | n = 64 | n = 11 | n = 2 | 50% | 43 (9) | Overweight or obese adults |
Uebelacker, et al., 2018 [78] | Examining the Feasibility and Acceptability of an Online Yoga Class for Mood Disorders: A MoodNetwork Study | n = 56 | Not applicable | n = 12 | Not applicable | 93.20% | 42.0 (14.62) | Adults with a mood disorder |
Vederhus et al., 2020 [79] | Can a Smartphone App for Cannabis Cessation Gain a Broader User Group than Traditional Treatment Services? | n = 148 | n = 102 | n = 0 | n = 0 | 37% | Intervention: 25 (9), control: 25 (8) | Cannabis use disorder patients |
Vranceanu et al., 2016 [80] | Mind–Body Therapy via Videoconferencing in Patients with Neurofibromatosis | n = 32 | n = 31 | n = 0 | n = 10 | 73% | Intervention: 42.86 (13.45), control: 39.90 (11.17) | Patients with neurofibromatosis |
Wang et al., 2011 [24] | Biomedical Teleacupuncture Between China and Austria Using Heart Rate Variability, Part 1: Poststroke Patients | n = 29 | Not applicable | n = 0 | Not applicable | 51.70% | 64.7 (11.3) | Post-stroke patients |
Wang et al., 2016 [81] | The Effects of Music Intervention on Sleep Quality in Community-Dwelling Elderly | n = 32 | n = 32 | n = 0 | n = 0 | 80.90% | 69.38 (5.46) | Community-dwelling elderly |
Yeh et al., 2013 [82] | Auricular Acupressure Combined with an Internet-Based Intervention or Alone for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Control Study | n = 54 | n = 53 | n = 4 | n = 3 | 100% | Intervention: 16.94 (1.02), Control: 17.94 (0.84) | Adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea |
Zwart et al., 2000 [84] | The Impact of Lay Pastoral Telecare on the Spiritual Well-Being of Church Attenders | n = 64 | n = 63 | n = 10 | n = 9 | 71.60% | 37.90 (9.84) | Spiritual well-being in church attenders |