Effects of laughter yoga on health-related quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial

Namazinia, Mohammad; Mazlum, Seyyed Reza; Mohajer, Samira; Lopez, Violeta

doi:10.1186/s12906-023-04028-2

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Table 3 Scores of symptoms and single items domains of health-related quality of life

From: Effects of laughter yoga on health-related quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial

Variables		Groups				Intergroup comparison results
		Intervention		Control
		Mean ± SD	No.	Mean ± SD	No.
Nausea/vomiting	Pre-intervention	11.27 ± 19.98	34	22.86 ± 26.22	35	P = 0.032**
	Post-intervention	10.78 ± 20.05	34	23.33 ± 25.94	35	P = 0.013**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	0.49 ± 5.00	34	0.47 ± 2.81	35	P = 0.321**
Intragroup comparison		P = 0.564***		P = 0.317******
Fatigue	Pre-intervention	40.52 ± 27.47	34	46.03 ± 28.28	35	P = 0.432**
	Post-intervention	31.70 ± 25.23	34	45.08 ± 27.73	35	P = 0.039**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	-8.82 ± 22.01	34	-0.95 ± 7.31	35	P < 0.001**
Intragroup comparison		P = 0.001***		P = 0.335******
Pain	Pre-intervention	27.45 ± 31.48	34	37.62 ± 33.66	35	P = 0.161**
	Post-intervention	19.12 ± 26.31	34	38.57 ± 31.25	35	P = 0.004**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	-8.33 ± 11.78	34	0.95 ± 11.39	35	P = 0.001**
Intragroup comparison		P = 0.001***		P = 0.603***
Dyspnea	Pre-intervention	18.63 ± 28.65	34	15.24 ± 27.22	35	P = 0.489**
	Post-intervention	17.65 ± 27.50	34	20.00 ± 31.51	35	P = 1.000**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	-0.98 ± 5.71	34	4.76 ± 20.03	35	P = 0.102**
Intragroup comparison		P = 0.317***		P = 0.157***
Sleep disturbance	Pre-intervention	36.27 ± 30.00	34	29.52 ± 36.84	35	P = 0.214**
	Post-intervention	20.59 ± 25.96	34	29.52 ± 35.94	35	P = 0.397**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	-15.68 ± 18.77	34	0.00 ± 8.08	35	P < 0.001**
Intragroup comparison		P < 0.001***		P = 1.000***
Loss of appetite	Pre-intervention	32.35 ± 30.13	34	34.29 ± 29.68	35	P = 0.732**
	Post-intervention	30.39 ± 30.00	34	35.24 ± 30.18	35	P = 0.455**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	-1.96 ± 7.96	34	0.95 ± 5.63	35	P = 0.083**
Intragroup comparison		P = 0.157***		P = 0.317***
Constipation	Pre-intervention	30.39 ± 37.93	34	37.14 ± 39.41	35	P = 0.482**
	Post-intervention	29.41 ± 36.48	34	38.10 ± 38.89	35	P = 0.372**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	-0.98 ± 10.00	34	0.95 ± 5.63	35	P = 0.321**
Intragroup comparison		P = 0.564***		P = 0.317***
Diarrhea	Pre-intervention	15.69 ± 28.70	34	16.19 ± 30.64	35	P = 0.909**
	Post-intervention	13.73 ± 26.10	34	15.24 ± 29.53	35	P = 0.981**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	-1.96 ± 7.96	34	-0.95 ± 9.58	35	P = 0.650**
Intragroup comparison		P = 0.157***		P = 0.564***
Financial difficulty	Pre-intervention	54.90 ± 31.65	34	59.05 ± 34.38	35	P = 0.514**
	Post-intervention	51.96 ± 31.98	34	62.86 ± 31.07	35	P = 0.150**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	-2.94 ± 12.62	34	3.80 ± 22.53	35	P = 0.167**
Intragroup comparison		P = 0.180***		P = 0.366***
Overall QOL	Pre-intervention	58.58 ± 20.66	34	65.24 ± 19.22	35	P = 0.167**
	Post-intervention	64.95 ± 20.59	34	62.62 ± 18.45	35	P = 0.757**
	Pre- and post-intervention difference	6.37 ± 5.04	34	-2.61 ± 5.25	35	P < 0.001**
Intragroup comparison		P < 0.001***		P = 0.006****

*Independent-samples t-test **Mann-Whitney U test ***Wilcoxon test ****Paired-samples t-test
HRQOL means participants perspective on their overall health and quality of life

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