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Table 2 Chemical composition of EOs (%) of some native Iranian Salvia spp.a

From: Chemical composition, cholinesterase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the essential oils of some Iranian native Salvia species

Entry

Compounds

RIb

RIc

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Class

1

α-Tricyclene

917

917

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.39

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

MH

2

α-Thujene

923

923

0.37

-

-

-

0.05

-

-

-

0.11

-

-

-

-

-

MH

3

α-Pinene

934

934

2.57

0.09

0.21

0.31

4.56

-

9.43

1.11

0.07

-

4.76

-

0.05

0.1

MH

4

Camphene

952

952

0.81

-

-

0.58

1.00

-

5.23

-

-

-

0.63

-

-

-

MH

5

Sabinene

973

973

1.29

-

0.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.06

-

0.08

0.08

MH

6

1-Octen-3-ol

974

974

-

0.34

-

-

0.59

0.25

0.34

0.59

0.44

1.64

-

-

-

-

Alcohol

7

β-Pinene

981

981

2.57

0.1

0.86

-

0.95

-

1.61

1.3

0.05

1.18

4.46

-

0.14

0.25

MH

8

β-Myrcene

986

986

0.22

0.8

0.5

-

0.13

-

0.49

-

-

0.31

-

0.8

0.3

0.81

MH

9

dehydro-1,8-Cineole

993

991

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.88

0.26

OM

10

Mesitylene

994

992

-

0.5

0.35

9.13

0.2

0.38

-

1.22

0.47

1.14

-

-

-

-

Others

11

2-δ-Carene

999

994

-

-

0.17

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

MH

12

α-Phellandrene

1006

1003

-

-

0.02

-

0.15

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

MH

13

α-Terpinene

1018

1015

0.48

-

0.09

-

0.29

-

0.22

-

0.08

-

0.18

-

0.11

0.11

MH

14

p-Cymene

1024

1022

3.71

-

0.28

-

2.07

1.07

2.83

-

1.18

2.60

-

-

0.13

-

MH

15

Limonene

1032

1029

2.68

-

1.34

-

2.23

-

4.91

1.08

-

2.32

0.42

1.32

1.07

1.53

MH

16

Sylvestrene

1033

1031

-

0.65

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

MH

17

1,8-Cineole

1037

1034

0.83

-

0.72

1.85

-

-

1.1

0.41

0.01

0.97

0.34

1.97

1.78

2.6

OM

18

cis-β-Ocimene

1043

1040

-

0.79

0.03

-

0.12

0.23

-

-

0.05

0.22

-

0.67

0.19

0.62

MH

19

β-Phellandrene

1049

1046

-

-

0.83

-

0.29

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

MH

20

γ-Terpinene

1060

1057

3.71

-

0.15

-

0.36

-

1.36

-

0.35

1.4

0.31

-

0.15

0.15

MH

21

Terpinolene

1090

1088

0.69

0.33

0.07

-

0.25

0.09

0.15

0.62

-

0.25

-

0.45

0.38

0.55

MH

22

p-Cymenene

1092

1089

-

-

-

-

0.32

-

0.05

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

MH

23

Linalool

1099

1097

2.67

8.41

0.3

2.38

0.52

5.20

0.16

20.94

2.18

7.67

0.64

5.14

2.16

4.75

OM

24

Butanoic acid, 2-methyl, 3-methylbutyl ester

1101

1100

0.81

-

-

-

-

1.22

-

-

0.16

-

-

-

-

-

Ester

25

Butanoic acid, 2-methyl, 2-methylbutyl ester

1103

1100

0.72

-

-

-

-

0.7

-

0.92

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ester

26

Nonanal

1110

1107

-

-

0.09

-

-

-

0.05

-

-

0.28

-

-

-

-

CC

27

Fenchol

1127

1122

-

-

-

-

1.31

-

0.09

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OM

28

α-Campholenal

1132

1126

0.48

-

-

-

1.48

-

0.13

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OM

29

trans-Pinocarveol

1151

1146

1.2

-

0.1

-

3.32

-

1.42

1.12

-

2.26

0.29

-

-

-

OM

30

Camphor

1160

1156

-

-

-

-

0.63

-

4.28

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OM

31

Octanoic acid

1165

1161

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.86

0.03

-

-

-

-

-

Acid

32

Pinocarvone

1171

1165

0.84

-

0.03

-

1.39

-

0.22

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OM

33

δ-Terpineol

1179

1170

-

-

0.09

-

-

-

-

1.42

-

0.35

-

0.9

1.04

0.59

OM

34

Borneol

1185

1176

0.28

-

0.29

-

7.68

0.07

12.52

-

0.03

-

1.13

-

-

-

OM

35

Terpinen-4-ol

1191

1184

2.32

0.04

0.25

-

2.69

-

3.02

0.78

0.04

0.56

0.42

0.21

0.45

0.35

OM

36

α-Terpineol

1205

1198

0.61

3.53

0.21

0.39

3.64

0.72

0.18

1.97

0.09

3.56

0.23

3.53

3.41

3.97

OM

37

Myrtenol

1209

1202

0.64

-

-

-

1.77

-

0.94

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.14

OM

38

Myrtenal

1210

1204

1.04

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.58

-

-

-

-

-

-

OM

39

trans-Carveol

1227

1218

-

-

-

-

0.92

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.66

-

OM

40

Nerol

1228

1221

-

0.91

-

-

0.31

0.29

0.17

0.81

0.05

0.6

-

0.74

-

0.89

OM

41

Butanoic acid, 2-methyl, hexyl ester

1234

1234

-

-

-

-

-

0.27

-

1.29

0.03

-

-

-

-

-

Ester

42

Butanoic acid, 3-methyl, hexyl ester

1242

1242

0.31

-

0.02

-

-

0.29

0.08

1.54

0.03

-

-

-

-

-

Ester

43

Geraniol

1249

1246

0.17

2.27

0.07

3.1

-

0.68

0.31

1.1

0.09

-

-

2.37

1.47

2.68

OM

44

Linalyl acetate

1254

1249

-

3.41

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

6.68

-

1.56

0.54

1.43

OM

45

Decanol

1270

1269

-

-

-

-

0.48

-

-

-

-

0.26

-

0.23

0.61

0.32

Alcohol

46

Bornyl acetate

1288

1279

-

-

0.15

0.93

1.32

-

0.11

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OM

47

Thymol

1290

1286

3.00

0.71

0.06

2.44

2.28

1.52

0.14

0.09

0.19

0.14

-

1.98

1.22

2.36

PC

48

Carvacrol

1296

1287

2.84

0.77

0.07

3.80

0.69

1.20

5.66

0.2

0.07

-

-

1.73

2.28

1.89

PC

49

δ-Elemene

1346

1338

-

-

0.06

1.24

-

0.52

-

1.26

0.31

-

3.2

0.63

0.5

0.53

SH

50

α-Terpinyl acetate

1353

1344

-

-

-

7.72

0.12

-

-

0.52

0.03

4.35

0.29

7.53

10.56

9.45

OM

51

Decanoic acid

1354

1349

0.58

-

0.05

-

-

0.36

-

1.36

-

-

-

-

-

-

Acid

52

α-Cubebene

1358

1350

0.12

0.76

0.4

0.52

-

0.18

-

-

0.78

-

-

-

-

-

SH

53

Eugenol

1359

1351

-

-

-

0.9

1.56

-

0.09

-

-

-

-

2.25

1.16

0.6

PC

54

Neryl acetate

1371

1362

-

1.42

-

-

-

0.11

1.13

0.58

-

1.19

-

1.17

0.71

1.91

OM

55

Hexanoic acid, hexyl ester

1382

1370

0.09

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.12

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ester

56

α-Ylangene

1386

1375

-

-

-

-

0.65

-

-

-

0.08

-

-

-

-

-

SH

57

α-Copaene

1389

1377

1.01

5.42

1.06

2.58

2.37

-

3.38

-

5.22

-

0.77

-

0.64

0.22

SH

58

Geranyl acetate

1391

1381

-

2.91

-

-

-

-

0.22

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OM

59

β-Maaliene

1392

1382

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.06

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

SH

60

trans-β-Damascenone

1393

1382

0.65

0.36

-

0.52

-

0.43

-

0.9

0.16

0.18

-

-

-

-

OM

61

β-Cubebene

1394

1383

-

-

-

-

-

0.83

-

0.58

-

0.26

-

-

-

-

SH

62

β-Bourbonene

1403

1388

0.89

0.62

6.05

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.3

-

-

-

SH

63

β-Elemene

1404

1391

-

-

-

1.18

-

2.28

-

3.09

-

1.84

-

1.83

1.75

1.67

SH

64

cis-β-Caryophyllene

1422

1409

-

-

-

-

-

0.23

0.37

0.67

-

-

-

-

-

-

SH

65

α-Gurjunene

1428

1413

-

-

9.27

-

0.15

1.89

1.58

4.00

-

0.52

-

1.66

1.85

1.33

SH

66

trans-β-Caryophyllene

1441

1430

1.18

3.00

17.14

1.64

0.97

2.84

19.02

3.33

13.37

1.56

24.12

0.73

0.98

0.72

SH

67

β-Copaene

1448

1435

-

-

1.56

-

-

-

-

-

0.42

-

-

-

-

-

SH

68

β-Gurjunene

1451

1436

-

-

-

-

0.07

-

1

0.65

-

-

0.39

-

-

-

SH

69

Neryl acetone

1457

1436

0.44

0.31

-

0.39

1.48

0.29

-

-

-

0.7

-

-

-

-

CC

70

α-Guaiene

1459

1441

-

-

0.44

-

-

-

-

-

0.34

0.94

-

-

2.75

1.15

SH

71

Aromandendrene

1460

1445

0.11

-

0.71

-

0.61

-

1.14

0.96

0.46

0.49

0.39

1.17

0.83

1.22

SH

72

cis-Muurola-3,5-diene

1467

1450

-

0.07

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.15

-

-

-

0.51

0.37

SH

73

α-Humulene

1476

1462

0.12

0.18

8.28

-

0.25

0.59

1.76

1.35

1.62

0.24

1.91

-

0.86

0.39

SH

74

Alloaromadendrene

1480

1465

-

-

2.33

-

0.47

0.14

0.09

-

0.39

-

-

-

-

-

SH

75

9-epi-Caryophyllene

1482

1466

-

-

-

-

0.47

-

-

-

-

-

3.73

-

-

-

SH

76

cis-Muurola-4(15),5-diene

1483

1467

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.3

0.68

0.47

SH

77

Cadina-1(6),4-diene

1488

1477

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.4

-

-

-

0.35

-

0.47

SH

78

γ-Gurjunene

1492

1477

-

-

2.43

-

-

1.49

0.25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

SH

79

γ-Muurolene

1493

1479

1.07

0.22

0.27

-

3.33

-

-

1.25

0.7

0.19

0.62

1.23

1.14

1.05

SH

80

α-Elemene

1495

1479

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.58

-

0.43

SH

81

Germacrene D

1501

1485

0.73

1.91

13.78

2.58

0.29

0.81

-

5.77

16.33

0.24

9.66

0.74

0.48

0.47

SH

82

β-Selinene

1503

1490

0.5

0.25

-

-

-

1.64

-

1.19

0.75

0.16

0.68

0.97

0.97

0.93

SH

83

δ-Selinene

1509

1493

-

0.22

0.86

-

1.77

0.25

0.12

0.67

-

0.43

-

1.24

1.33

1.11

SH

84

γ-Amorphene

1510

1496

-

-

0.43

0.37

0.12

0.18

0.08

-

-

1.08

-

-

-

-

SH

85

2-Tridecanone

1511

1496

0.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

CC

86

Viridiflorene

1512

1497

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.52

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

SH

87

α-Selinene

1513

1498

-

-

-

-

0.83

-

0.08

0.76

-

-

-

3.55

0.63

-

SH

88

α-Muurolene

1517

1500

-

-

-

-

0.95

-

0.14

-

-

-

-

-

4.75

3.85

SH

89

Bicyclogermacrene

1521

1500

0.12

-

2.34

1.88

-

0.61

-

3.78

8.67

3.55

15.49

3.13

2.02

2.19

SH

90

γ-Cadinene

1528

1514

0.25

1.59

0.41

-

1.79

0.38

0.22

1.11

0.09

-

0.92

1.69

-

2.29

SH

91

δ-Cadinene

1532

1523

0.47

-

1.35

5.63

3.67

0.27

0.64

0.43

3.11

2.98

-

7.74

11.72

8.57

SH

92

trans-Calamenene

1535

1526

0.26

0.64

0.81

0.99

1.67

-

0.1

0.65

0.34

-

-

-

-

-

SH

93

trans-γ-Bisabolene

1545

1531

-

-

0.31

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

SH

94

trans-Cadina-1(2),4-diene

1548

1535

-

0.33

-

-

0.41

-

0.03

-

0.2

-

-

0.23

0.47

0.34

SH

95

Liguloxide

1549

1536

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.23

-

0.39

-

0.33

OS

96

α-Cadinene

1551

1539

-

-

0.08

-

0.29

-

-

-

0.23

0.18

-

0.4

1.25

0.64

SH

97

α-Calacorene

1556

1542

-

1.07

0.14

0.68

1.25

-

-

-

0.4

-

-

-

-

-

SH

98

Elemicin

1559

1550

0.28

-

-

-

0.07

0.23

-

-

0.05

-

-

-

-

-

Others

99

β-Calacorene

1565

1559

-

-

0.16

-

0.12

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

SH

100

Dodecanoic acid

1572

1567

1.51

-

-

-

-

0.41

-

0.11

0.42

-

-

-

-

-

Acid

101

1,5-Epoxysalvial-4(14)-ene

1588

1569

1.14

2.88

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.67

-

-

-

-

-

OS

102

Ledol

1590

1574

-

-

0.13

-

0.13

-

0.1

-

-

-

-

0.45

-

0.35

OS

103

Germacrene D-4-ol

1596

1576

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3.83

-

3.19

OS

104

Spathulenol

1597

1578

9.47

4.32

5.12

17.62

1.31

3.78

0.94

3.03

7.48

9.55

8.51

4.50

6.53

4.27

OS

105

Caryophyllene oxide

1605

1584

21.11

22.26

5.90

6.37

0.91

8.99

3.82

3.97

7.84

6.62

6.41

0.38

0.53

0.4

OS

106

Globulol

1607

1585

-

-

-

-

0.43

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.28

0.25

OS

107

β-Copaen-4-α-ol

1608

1591

-

-

-

1.49

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OS

108

Viridiflorol

1613

1593

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.39

0.63

0.71

0.51

OS

109

Salvial-4(14)-en-1-one

1614

1595

1.82

1.5

0.59

1.49

0.07

1.2

-

0.7

0.59

-

-

-

-

-

OS

110

Widdrol

1622

1599

-

-

0.38

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OS

111

α-epi-7-epi-5-Eudesmol

1625

1608

-

-

-

-

0.25

-

0.06

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.29

OS

112

Humulene epoxide II

1630

1608

-

-

1.86

-

-

-

0.19

-

0.99

0.54

0.32

-

-

-

OS

113

1,10-di-epi-Cubenol

1638

1619

-

-

0.25

-

-

-

-

-

0.7

0.71

-

0.24

-

0.3

OS

114

10-epi-γ-Eudesmol

1642

1624

0.58

-

-

-

1.47

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OS

115

epi-Cubenol

1644

1627

-

0.92

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.85

0.74

0.75

OS

116

Isospathulenol

1645

1629

-

-

0.44

5.09

-

2.48

0.23

0.78

0.56

0.58

1.48

-

-

-

OS

117

Eremoligenol

1650

1631

-

-

-

-

0.61

-

-

-

-

-

0.27

0.45

-

0.39

OS

118

γ-Eudesmol

1654

1632

-

-

-

-

0.75

-

-

0.24

-

-

-

-

-

-

OS

119

epi-α-Cadinol

1655

1640

-

-

-

0.64

-

-

-

-

-

1.97

-

1.45

-

-

OS

120

Caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-diene-5-β-ol

1657

1641

1.39

1.28

-

-

-

1.34

1.11

-

1.11

-

-

-

-

-

OS

121

Alloaromadendrene epoxide

1658

1641

-

0.7

-

-

-

-

-

0.44

-

-

-

-

-

-

OS

122

epi-α-Muurolol

1660

1642

-

-

0.23

1.68

0.77

-

-

0.21

0.48

2.56

-

4.73

5.36

5.93

OS

123

α-Muurolol

1662

1646

-

-

-

-

0.41

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OS

124

β-Eudesmol

1674

1651

1.11

1.26

0.21

-

16.1

1.04

-

0.35

-

1.61

-

1.64

1.53

1.32

OS

125

α-Cadinol

1676

1654

-

-

1.16

2.75

-

-

-

0.75

1.06

1.36

0.59

8.17

5.76

6.37

OS

126

14-Hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-Caryophyllene

1682

1664

4.30

2.98

0.67

-

-

1.51

0.8

-

1.25

2.16

-

-

-

-

OS

127

Valeranone

1694

1675

-

-

0.25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OS

128

Cadalene

1699

1677

-

-

-

0.5

0.75

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

SH

129

Eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1-β-ol

1705

1688

1.9

1.35

1.07

0.73

0.09

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

OS

130

Shyobunol

1717

1691

-

-

-

-

0.23

-

-

0.35

-

2.62

-

6.43

3.39

3.72

OS

131

Heptadecane

1720

1700

0.51

-

-

-

-

0.36

-

0.11

0.52

1.44

-

-

-

-

Alkane

132

Mint sulfide

1761

1741

-

-

0.17

-

0.09

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Others

133

Benzyl Benzoate

1777

1760

1.32

0.36

-

3.94

0.12

3.29

0.27

-

0.48

-

-

-

-

-

Ester

134

Octadecane

1800

1800

0.92

0.06

0.08

-

0.09

0.72

0.06

0.06

0.27

1.32

-

-

-

-

Alkane

135

Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone

1845

1835

-

-

-

0.77

-

-

-

0.7

0.67

-

-

-

-

-

CC

136

Nonadecane

1900

1900

0.9

-

0.07

-

0.15

0.61

0.06

-

0.24

0.89

-

-

-

-

Alkane

137

Sclareoloxide

1915

1906

1.32

11.48

0.2

-

0.15

24.56

-

1.19

1.61

-

1.9

-

-

-

OS

138

Hexadecanoic acid

1962

1951

-

-

0.25

-

1.39

4.75

-

-

3.21

-

-

-

-

-

Acid

139

Phytol

2100

2089

0.98

0.64

0.92

-

0.13

7.84

0.64

0.52

2.32

3.13

0.95

-

-

-

OD

 

Monoterpenes

30.83

26.02

7.26

17.78

39.87

8.89

52.67

35.24

4.57

36.65

15.16

28.36

26.26

33.22

 
 

  Monoterpene hydrocarbons

19.10

2.76

5.05

0.89

12.77

1.39

26.67

4.11

1.89

8.28

11.82

3.24

2.60

4.20

 
 

  Oxygenated monoterpenes

11.73

23.26

2.21

16.89

27.10

7.50

26.00

31.13

2.68

28.37

3.34

25.12

23.66

29.02

 
 

Sesquiterpenes

50.97

67.21

89.13

57.65

46.93

60.03

37.83

43.91

78.3

45.17

83.05

62.31

60.94

58.78

 
 

  Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons

6.83

16.28

70.67

19.79

23.25

15.13

30.58

31.90

53.96

14.66

63.18

28.17

36.11

30.41

 
 

  Oxygenated sesquiterpenes

44.14

50.93

18.46

37.86

23.68

44.90

7.25

12.01

24.34

30.51

19.87

34.14

24.83

28.37

 
 

Oxygenated diterpenes

0.98

0.64

0.92

-

0.13

7.84

0.64

0.52

2.32

3.13

0.95

-

-

-

 
 

Carbonyl compounds

0.94

0.31

0.09

1.16

1.48

0.29

0.05

0.70

0.67

0.98

-

-

-

-

 
 

Alcohols

0.00

0.34

-

-

1.07

0.25

0.34

0.59

0.44

1.90

-

0.23

0.61

0.32

 
 

Acids

2.09

-

0.30

-

1.39

5.52

-

2.33

3.66

-

-

-

-

-

 
 

Esters

3.25

0.36

0.02

3.94

0.12

5.77

0.35

5.87

0.70

-

-

-

-

-

 
 

Alkanes

2.33

0.06

0.15

-

0.24

1.69

0.12

0.17

1.03

3.65

-

-

-

-

 
 

Phenolic compounds

5.84

1.48

0.13

7.14

4.53

2.72

5.89

0.29

0.26

0.14

-

5.96

4.66

4.85

 
 

Others

0.28

0.50

0.52

9.13

0.36

0.61

-

1.22

0.52

1.14

-

-

-

-

 
 

Identification

97.51

96.92

98.52

96.80

96.12

93.61

97.89

90.84

92.47

92.76

99.16

96.86

92.47

97.17

 
  1. a1) S. sharifii, 2) S. sclarea, 3) S. verticillata, 4) S. syriaca, 5) S. santolinifolia, 6) S. reuterana, 7) S. multicaulis, 8) S. spinosa, 9) S. palaestina, 10) S. virgata, 11) S. hypoleuca, 12) S. mirzayanii (Shiraz region) 13) S. mirzayanii (Jahrom region) 14) S. mirzayanii (Darab region)
  2. bRetention indices relative to C7- C21 n-alkanes on DB-5 column
  3. cRetention index from literatures; MH Monoterpene Hydrocarbon, OM Oxygenated Monoterpene, CC Carbonylic Compound, PC Phenolic Compounds, SH Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbon, OS Oxygenated Sesquiterpene, OD Oxygenated Diterpene. Bold numbers in the table indicate the predominant compounds of each EO
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