Fig. 10

Proposed mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory activity of phytoextracts against TNF-α and TGF-β. A TNF-α and TGF-β, major pro-inflammatory cytokines are secreted by CWFs during inflammatory phase of wound healing. They activate NFκB binding and recruitment of leucocytes which cause imbalance in regulation of TNF-α and TGF-β levels and activity [45]. The elevated levels of TNF-α and TGF-β results in stalled inflammatory phase and impairs wound healing. B Treatment of chronic wounds with phytoextracts containing various key phytoconstituents synergically blunts recruitment of leucocytes and NFκB activation. This results in altered balance between M1 and M2 macrophages that reduces inflammation and regulates inflammatory phase of wound healing process. The wound healing is promoted by suppression of inflammatory parameters and increased matrix synthesis. Note: The selected phytoextracts are catechin, epicatechin, curcumin, garlic, pomegranate peel and neem. The major phytoconstituents present in these extracts are catechin, epicatechin, curcumin, allicin, ellagic acid and nimbin, respectively