Table 2 Changes in cumulative sodium excretion and urine volume during the evaluation period

a) Efficacy analysis (25 participants)

24 h

48 h

Urinary sodium excretion (mEq)

Follicular phase

143.9 ± 8.0

359.3 ± 13.6

 p-value vs. luteal phase

0.587

0.250

Luteal phase

 Placebo intake

139.4 ± 7.1

343.8 ± 13.4

 γ-Toc intake

151.1 ± 7.7

353.1 ± 13.6

 p-value vs. placebo intake

0.052

0.464

Urine volume (mL)

Follicular phase

1478 ± 70

3399 ± 112

 p-value vs. luteal phase

0.746

0.309

Luteal phase

 Placebo intake

1450 ± 67

3283 ± 116

 γ-Toc intake

1480 ± 65

3305 ± 119

 p-value vs. placebo intake

0.734

0.981

b) Individuals whose cumulative urinary sodium excretion after 24 h was lower in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (17 participants)

24 h

48 h

Urinary sodium excretion (mEq)

Follicular phase

155.2 ± 9.7

383.2 ± 13.7

 p-value vs. luteal phase

0.001

 < 0.001

Luteal phase

 Placebo intake

129.5 ± 8.6

334.7 ± 17.3

 γ-Toc intake

145.7 ± 9.4

346.0 ± 16.7

 p-value vs. placebo intake

0.026

0.630

Urine volume (mL)

Follicular phase

1563 ± 88

3526 ± 136

 p-value vs. luteal phase

0.039

0.031

Luteal phase

 Placebo intake

1369 ± 87

3235 ± 162

 γ-Toc intake

1433 ± 90

3225 ± 158

 p-value vs. placebo intake

0.591

0.436