Table 2 Characteristics of traditional medicine users (n = 4,901)

1

Socioeconomic factors

 Male

1324

572

1.29 (1.13–1.46)

0.000*

1.08 (0.88–1.31)

0.462

 Age (years)

  15–24

336

71

Reference

  25–65

2615

1055

1.54 (1.14–2.08)

0.005*

1.82 (1.30–2.56)

0.001**

  > 65

622

202

1.91 (1.46–2.49)

0.000*

2.17 (1.63–2.90)

0.000**

 Annual income (IDR)

  > 40 million

262

126

Reference

  12–40 million

714

296

0.68 (0.54–0.87)

0.002*

0.96 (0.72–1.27)

0.751

  < 12 million

1157

432

0.78 (0.61–0.99)

0.038*

0.93 (0.70–1.23)

0.612

  No income

1413

463

0.86 (0.67–1.11)

0.248*

0.91 (0.69–1.20)

0.481

 Wealth index

  Quintile 5

866

334

Reference

  Quintile 4

663

263

1.03 (0.85–1.25)

0.772

1.05 (0.86–1.28)

0.624

  Quintile 3

797

303

0.99 (0.82–1.19)

0.878

0.99 (0.82–1.20)

0.930

  Quintile 2

673

253

0.98 (0.81–1.18)

0.794

1.01 (0.82–1.24)

0.924

  Quintile 1

557

170

0.79 (0.64–0.98)

0.031*

0.83 (0.66–1.04)

0.103

 Non-Javanese ethnicity

1957

737

1.03 (0.91–1.17)

0.674

Not Included

 Non-Java residence

1414

616

1.32 (1.16–1.50)

0.000*

1.27 (1.11–1.45)

0.001**

 Rural residence

1247

489

1.08 (0.95–1.24)

0.214*

1.03 (0.89–1.20)

0.663

 No insurance ownership

1565

607

1.09 (0.96–1.23)

0.204*

1.10 (0.96–1.26)

0.183

2

Patient-related factors

 Education

  Unschooled

301

89

Reference

  Elementary

1294

465

1.22 (0.94–1.58)

0.140*

1.15 (0.87–1.51)

0.337

  Junior high

585

203

1.17 (0.88–1.56)

0.272

1.12 (0.82–1.54)

0.478

  Senior high

900

346

1.30 (1.00–1.70)

0.054*

1.25 (0.92–1.69)

0.160

  Higher education

464

218

1.59 (1.19–2.12)

0.002*

1.64 (1.17–2.29)

0.004**

 Smoking behavior

  Non-smoker

2490

839

Reference

  Ex-smoker

346

149

1.28 (1.04–1.57)

0.020*

1.25 (0.96–1.62)

0.093

  Active smoker

737

340

1.37 (1.18–1.60)

0.000*

1.15 (0.93–1.43)

0.198

  Active days missed in a month

  0

1330

497

Reference

Not Included

  1–7

1690

614

0.97 (0.85–1.12)

0.690

  > 7

550

216

1.05 (0.87–1.27)

0.605

 Current self-rated health status

  Very healthy

341

81

Reference

  Somewhat healthy

1635

612

1.58 (1.22–2.04)

0.001*

1.54 (1.18–2.02)

0.002**

  Somewhat unhealthy

1440

557

1.63 (1.25–2.12)

0.000*

1.87 (1.42–2.45)

0.000**

  Very unhealthy

157

78

2.09 (1.45–3.01)

0.000*

2.59 (1.76–3.82)

0.000**

 Took no prescribed medications in the past week

1375

793

2.37 (2.08–2.70)

0.000*

2.49 (2.17–2.85)

0.000**