Table 1 Subject characteristics (n = 4,901)

1

Socioeconomic factors

 Male^a

38.7%

 Age (years)

  15–24

8.3%

  25–65

74.9%

  > 66

16.8%

 Annual income (IDR)^a

  > 40 million

7.9%

  12–40 million

20.6%

  < 12 million

32.4%

  Not working

38.3%

 Wealth index^a

  Quintile 5

24.5%

  Quintile 4

18.9%

  Quintile 3

22.4%

  Quintile 2

18.9%

  Quintile 1

14.9%

 Non-Javanese ethnicity^a

55.0%

 Non-Java residence^a

41.4%

 Rural residence^a

35.4%

 No insurance ownership^a

44.3%

2

Patient-related factors

 Education

  Unschooled

8.0%

  Elementary

35.9%

  Junior high

16.1%

  Senior high

25.4%

  Higher education

13.9%

 Smoking behavior

  Non-smoker

67.9%

  Ex-smoker

10.1%

  Active smoker

22.0%

 Active days missed in a month^a

  0

37.3%

  1–7

47.0%

  > 7

15.6%

 Current self-related health status

  Very healthy

8.6%

  Somewhat healthy

45.8%

  Somewhat unhealthy

40.7%

  Very unhealthy

4.8%

 Took no medications in the past week

44.3%

3

Traditional medicine users

27.1%