Fig. 6

L. indica crude leaf extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and methyl gallate suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β production by human U937 macrophages. Fold change of TNF-α (A, B) and IL-1β (C, D) production relative to control in the supernatant of human U937 macrophages measured by ELISA. Cells were pretreated for 5 h with or without 40 μg/mL L. indica crude leaf extract, 10 μg/mL L. indica ethyl acetate fraction (EA), 38 μM methyl gallate (MG) or 38 μM gallic acid (GA), followed by LPS stimulation. Cytokine production by cells treated with both PMA and LPS was taken as 1. Dexamethasone (DEX) at 64.4 ng/mL was used as positive control, while DMSO was used as negative control. Results are presented as mean fold change ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns, not significant