The effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rheum ribes on insulin-resistance and apolipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial

Ghafouri, Atieh; Jafari Karegar, Sahar; Hajiluian, Ghazaleh; Hosseini, Sharieh; Shidfar, Shahrzad; Kamalinejad, Mohammad; Hosseini, Agha Fatemeh; Heydari, Iraj; Shidfar, Farzad

doi:10.1186/s12906-023-03878-0

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Table 3 Dietary intakes of study participants throughout the study

From: The effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rheum ribes on insulin-resistance and apolipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial

Variable	AG (n = 20)				EG (n = 20)				PG (n = 20)				p-value^b
Variable	Week 0	Week 3	Week 6	p-value^a	Week 0	Week 3	Week 6	p-value^a	Week 0	Week 3	Week 6	p-value^a	p-value^b
Energy (Kcal)	2214.00 ± 426.61	2202.00 ± 389.31	2182.00 ± 408.01	0.06	2108.50 ± 381.81	2130.50 ± 298.05	2127.61 ± 314.21	0.15	2134.50 ± 293.73	2109.50 ± 269.41	2124.31 ± 124.58	0.09	0.18
Carbohydrate (g/d)	317.15 ± 46.33	303.40 ± 37.80	323.00 ± 29.70	0.86	297.85 ± 44.93	298.50 ± 45.38	302.54 ± 39.56	0.57	300.00 ± 41.31	309.60 ± 40.95	325.18 ± 57.69	0.74	0.28
Protein (g/d)	72.30 ± 34.76	71.65 ± 28.98	69.95 ± 27.12	0.38	65.35 ± 29.68	65.20 ± 28.04	64.91 ± 31.10	0.20	60.85 ± 18.64	59.40 ± 18.27	61.25 ± 17.20	0.06	0.13
Total fat (g/d)	81.60 ± 17.99	78.25 ± 14.25	85.81 ± 18.17	0.45	78.60 ± 14.60	79.45 ± 9.19	79.14 ± 10.09	0.85	83.85 ± 9.10	81.30 ± 14.25	84.00 ± 10.81	0.14	0.61
SAFA (g/d)	22.98 ± 6.34	19.34 ± 3.91	21.47 ± 2.11	0.34	20.05 ± 5.06	19.88 ± 5.11	19.93 ± 6.47	0.75	20.00 ± 4.12	22.29 ± 5.44	21.94 ± 4.85	0.17	0.82
MUFA (g/d)	19.75 ± 4.33	18.33 ± 4.57	19.81 ± 5.15	0.98	17.73 ± 3.63	15.65 ± 1.65	16.76 ± 2.95	0.45	16.08 ± 2.38	18.72 ± 4.29	18.66 ± 4.62	0.25	0.74
PUFA (g/d)	11.10 ± 2.42	11.11 ± 1.34	11.08 ± 2.07	0.27	11.42 ± 2.06	11.27 ± 1.63	11.64 ± 1.80	0.06	11.39 ± 1.67	11.57 ± 2.23	11.44 ± 2.17	0.09	0.19
Vitamin A (mg)	415.25 ± 66.74	386.15 ± 51.46	367.27 ± 45.34	0.07	388.65 ± 67.92	417.45 ± 61.85	397.27 ± 55.24	0.52	390.85 ± 48.69	397.85 ± 62.35	400.21 ± 51.47	0.096	0.36
Vitamin E (mg)	4.41 ± 0.89	4.89 ± 0.80	4.47 ± 0.99	0.63	4.61 ± 0.93	4.91 ± 0.81	4.68 ± 0.97	0.85	4.89 ± 0.80	4.67 ± 0.93	4.80 ± 0.12	0.08	0.91
Vitamin D (μg)	5.15 ± 0.51	5.00 ± 0.62	5.08 ± 0.81	0.58	4.86 ± 0.72	5.08 ± 0.62	5.05 ± 0.24	0.95	4.81 ± 0.70	4.82 ± 0.67	4.20 ± 0.90	0.25	0.82
Vitamin C (mg)	17.75 ± 3.70	16.72 ± 3.17	17.28 ± 1.18	0.45	16.83 ± 3.33	17.59 ± 3.14	17.04 ± 2.67	0.14	16.84 ± 3.03	16.19 ± 2.76	16.96 ± 2.55	0.076	0.06
Calcium (mg)	1056.30 ± 167.68	1019.00 ± 127.36	1087.01 ± 133.36	0.08	948.35 ± 240.95	901.95 ± 177.93	901.95 ± 185.76	0.28	892.20 ± 168.80	917.50 ± 174.85	908.63 ± 185.25	0.59	0.98
Iron (mg)	13.56 ± 2.69	10.90 ± 2.10	10.74 ± 10.54	0.06	13.01 ± 2.60	13.32 ± 2.83	13.05 ± 2.21	0.92	10.85 ± 2.38	12.60 ± 2.49	11.91 ± 1.24	0.25	0.76
Selenium (μg)	0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.18	0.09	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.00	0.04 ± 0.00	0.63	0.04 ± 0.00	0.04 ± 0.00	0.04 ± 0.01	0.39	0.49
Zinc (µg)	7.78 ± 1.15	7.31 ± 1.09	7.97 ± 1.85	0.12	6.76 ± 1.62	7.26 ± 1.02	7.04 ± 1.51	0.45	6.01 ± 1.00	6.06 ± 1.09	6.04 ± 1.02	0.81	0.09
Fiber (g/d)	13.70 ± 2.60	14.37 ± 2.50	1.98 ± 1.84	0.74	14.19 ± 3.64	14.48 ± 3.23	14.20 ± 3.17	0.25	15.19 ± 2.80	15.17 ± 3.18	15.22 ± 3.84	0.79	0.70

Data are means ± standard deviations
AG Aqueous extract group, EG Ethanolic extract group, PG Placebo group, SFA Saturated fatty acid, PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acid
^ap-value for repeated measures ANOVA performed to assess variations in dietary intakes across periods
^bObtained from ANOVA test on dietary intakes at week 6

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