Fig. 3

Apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cells treated with the crude extract (BAL), hydnocarpin (2) from Brucea antidysenterica, and doxorubicin for 24 h, as determined by the annexin V/PI test. Cells were measured by flow cytometric after annexin V-PI double staining. IC₅₀ values were 17.42 µg/mL for BAL, 4.28 µM for phytochemical 2 and 0.02 µM for doxorubicin. Necrotic cells lose membrane integrity, allowing PI entry. Q2-LL: viable cells exhibit annexin V (-)/PI (-); Q2-LR: early apoptotic cells exhibit annexin ( +)/PI (-); Q2-UR and Q2-UL: late apoptotic cells or necrotic cells exhibit annexin V ( +)/PI ( +) or annexin V (-)/PI ( +)