Fig. 2

Total duration of stage 4–7 seizures. The total duration of stage 4–7 seizures in the (a) low-dose (100 mg/kg) VPA group (white bar) and low-dose VPA with tPBM add-on therapy (red bar); (b) medium-dose (200 mg/kg) VPA group (white bar) and medium-dose VPA with tPBM add-on therapy (red bar), and (c) high-dose VPA (400 mg/kg, white bar) and high-dose VPA with tPBM add-on therapy (red bar), **p < 0.01. d The total duration of stage 4–7 seizures for all the groups on the same scale (with unit of seconds). **p < 0.01