Fig. 3

DMNS affected the composition of the gut microbiota of ADHD rats. A PCoA of the gut microbiota. The degree of explanation of the overall difference in bacterial colony structure was evaluated by each coordinate axis as a percentage. B Rank abundance curve of the gut microbiota. The horizontal axis is the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) rank number (rank) in the corresponding sample, and the vertical axis is the log10 of the relative abundance value of the corresponding OTU. C-E Histograms of the abundance-based coverage estimator, Shannon, and Simpson indexes. F Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level. G Histogram of the top 6 species abundances at the phylum level. H Histogram of the top 6 species abundances at the family level. I Histogram of the top 6 species abundances at the genus level. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was used as the statistical method. The data are presented as means ± SEM for each group of rats (n = 6); ^#P < 0.05 compared with the SD group; *P < 0.05 compared with the SHR group