Fig. 1

Antinociceptive effect of immature Rubus occidentalis extract (iROE). a ipsilateral site, b contralateral site. AI: immediately after injection. For statistical analysis, one-way Wilk’s lambda multivariate analysis of variance followed by post hoc univariate ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction and linear mixed-effects model was used. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group, †P < 0.05 compared with the iROE 10 mg/kg group, ‡P < 0.05 compared with the iROE 30 mg/kg group