Table 5 Associations with past-12-month AYUSH and traditional health practitioner use

 45–59 (female spouse: any age)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

  ≥ 60

1.22 (1.09, 1.35)***

1.20 (1.07, 1.34)**

1.13 (1.01, 1.28)*

0.95 (0.83, 1.08)

 Female

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

–

 Male

0.85 (0.78, 0.93)***

0.76 (0.68, 0.85)***

0.95 (0.88, 1.03)

 Low (1–3)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

 Medium (4–5)

0.89 (0.77, 1.02)

0.95 (0.82, 1.11)

0.63 (0.55, 0.72)***

0.74 (0.65, 0.84)***

 High (6–10)

0.62 (0.51, 0.76)***

0.72 (0.60, 0.87)***

0.51 (0.41, 0.63)***

0.70 (0.58, 0.85)***

 Rural

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

1 (Reference)

 Urban

0.61 (0.48, 0.77)***

0.71 (0.57, 0.88)**

0.17 (0.12, 0.23)***

0.25 (0.19, 0.34)***

Hypertension

0.85 (0.75, 0.96)**

0.91 (0.80, 1.04)

0.64 (0.55, 0.73)***

0.82 (0.71, 0.95)**

Diabetes

0.57 (0.47, 0.69)***

0.66 (0.55, 0.81)***

0.32 (0.25, 0.41)***

0.50 (0.39, 0.65)***

Chronic lung disease

1.14 (0.92, 1.40)

–

0.83 (0.67, 1.03)

–

Cancer

1.28 (0.76, 2.14)

–

1.14 (0.51, 2.55)

–

Chronic heart disease

0.49 (0.36, 0.68)***

0.52 (0.37, 0.73)***

0.51 (0.32, 0.81)**

0.68 (0.43, 1.09)

Stroke

1.11 (0.81, 1.53)

–

0.74 (0.52, 1.05)

–

Any bone or joint diseases

1.57 (1.34, 1.83)***

1.57 (1.35, 1.82)***

1.02 (0.88, 1.18)

–

Neurological or psychiatric problem

0.93 (0.68, 1.27)

–

0.81 (0.58, 1.13)

–

Depressive symptoms

1.13 (0.97, 1.33)

–

1.39 1.19, 1.62)***

1.17 (1.01, 1.35)*

Sleep problems

1.01 (0.86, 1.19)

–

1.57 (1.31, 1.88)***

1.28 (1.08, 1.51)**

Symptom-based pain

1.72 (1.49, 1.97)***

1.48 (1.29, 1.69)***

2.10 (1.76, 2.51)***

1.82 (1.55, 2.15)***

Current tobacco use

1.26 (1.11, 1.44)***

1.30 (1.12, 1.50)***

1.62 (1.44, 1.82)***

1.35 (1.22, 1.51)***

Has health insurance

0.38 (0.31, 0.46)***

0.36 (0.30, 0.44)***

0.43 (0.34, 0.53)***

0.41 (0.33, 0.51)***