Fig. 6

The proposed neuroprotective effects of EPA in BV2 microglial cells challenged with LPS through inhibition of the processes involved in neuroinflammation. EPA: ethanolic P. amarus extract, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, TLR4: toll-like receptor 4, TRAF6: THF receptor associated factor 6, IKK: IκB kinase, MAPK: mitogen activated protein kinase, JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, P38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-κB:nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells, TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL: interleukin (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6), iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2