Table 4 Outcome measures
Authors | Instrument | Outcome measure | CG baseline | CG after treatment | EG baseline | EG after treatment | Treatment effect | Reported effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Ruan et al. (2008) [24] | Dual-energy bone densitometers | Lumbar BMD | 0.760 ± 0.053 | 0.755 ± 0.033 | 0.836 ± 0.022 | 0.847 ± 0.021 |  | Δ |
|  | 0.746 ± 0.035 |  | 0.872 ± 0.024 |  | Δ# | |||
Femoral neck BMD | 0.583 ± 0.095 | 0.575 ± 0.089 | 0.666 ± 0.100 | 0.069 ± 0.103 |  | = | ||
|  | 0.573 ± 0.099 |  | 0.687 ± 0.106 |  | Δ# | |||
Visual analogue scale | Chronic back pain | 3.11 ± 2.29 | 3.25 ± 2.18 | 3.21 ± 2.36 | 1.78 ± 2.05 |  | Δ↑ | |
|  | 3.50 ± 2.12 |  | 1.35 ± 1.92 |  | Δ↑ | |||
2. Pozo-Cruz et al. (2011) [25] | The Roland Morris Questionnaire | NCLBP- associated disability | 12.44 ± 4.46 | 12.40 ± 4.50 | 11.63 ± 8.35 | 10. 47 ± 8.68 | −1.12 | Δ↑ |
Oswestry Disability Index (%) | 29.16 ± 15.78 | 29.24 ± 15.64 | 26.50 ± 17.00 | 20.28 ± 10.89 | −6.3 | Δ↑ | ||
EuroQol 5D-3 L | HRQoL (tto) | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.68 ± 0.18 | 0.71 ± 0.05 | 0.76 ± 0.23 | 0.06 | Δ↑ | |
VAS back (0–100 points) | Pain | 39.54 ± 13.26 | 39.68 ± 14.77 | 38.36 ± 15.85 | 29.00 ± 13.02 | −9.40 | Δ↑ | |
3. Rittweger et al. (2002) [26] | Visual analog scale | Pain Sensation | 4.52 ± 1.7 | 1.20 ± 1.76 | 4.16 ± 1.86 | 1.40 ± 1.83 |  | Δ# |
Pain disability index | Pain-Related Limitation | 20.3 ± 9.9 | 10.5 ± 12.8 | 20.7 ± 14.3 | 11.6 ± 11.1 |  | Δ# | |
|  | 12.0 ± 12.4 |  | 14.8 ± 13.6 |  | Δ# | |||
4. Yang et al. (2015) [27] | Tetrax | Fall index | 23.40 ± 12.73 | 21.69 ± 12.68 | 30.59 ± 14.97 | 12.80 ± 10.39 |  | Δ↑ |
Korean Oswestry disability index | Disability index | 15.30 ± 7.57 | 12.80 ± 5.67 | 17.85 ± 11.09 | 12.45 ± 6.06 |  | Δ# | |
100 mm visual analogue scale | Pain | 5.25 ± 1.12 | 3.50 ± 0.76 | 5.60 ± 1.60 | 2.70 ± 1.26 |  | Δ#↑ | |
5. Kaeding et al. (2017) [28] | The Roland Morris Questionnaire | Disability index | 3.5 ± 2.3 | 4.0 ± 2.4 | 4.0 ± 3.8 | 2.3 ± 2.9 |  | Δ↑* |
Oswestry Disability Index | Disability index | 15.7 ± 7.1 | 17.3 ± 6.8 | 17.2 ± 9.2 | 12.3 ± 7.4 |  | Δ↑ | |
SF-36 (physical) | Quality of life | 47.5 ± 4.2 | 43.8 ± 9.3 | 45.0 ± 8.6 | 48.1 ± 8.0 |  | Δ↑ | |
6. Wegener et al. (2019) [29] | NASS-LS lumbar pain subscale | Pain | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.7 |  | = |
Oswestry Disability Index | NCLBP- associated | 20.7 ± 11.4 | 16.6 ± 12.3 | 18.1 ± 12.0 | 17.1 ± 11.9 |  | = | |
SF-36 physical summary | disability Quality of life | 39.5 ± 9.1 | 41.4 ± 8.3 | 37.9 ± 7.5 | 40.7 ± 8.2 |  | = | |
7. Wang et al. (2019) [30] | Visual analogue scale | Pain | 4.05 (3.83, 4.29) | 3.87 (3.53, 4.21) | 4.39 (4.16, 4.61) | 2.87 (2.53, 3.21) | −1 | Δ ↑ |
Oswestry Disability Index | Functional disability | 32.18 (29.91, 34.5) | 23.27 (21.47, 25.07) | 32.46 (30.22, 34.71) | 19.46 (17.69, 21.24) | −3.81 | Δ ↑ | |
SF-36 (physical functioning) | Quality of life | 77.81 (75.79, 79.83) | 81.39 (79.21, 83.57) | 75 (73.03, 77.02) | 83.3 (81.15, 85.45) | 1.91 | Δ ↑ |