Fig. 4

Effects of HM on the induction of apoptosis in THP-1 cells. Cells were treated with 7.8–500 μg/mL of HM for 24 h followed by apoptosis detection using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, based on double-staining with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (V)/propidium iodide (PI)-phycoerythrin. Representative dot plots showing the percentage of viable cells (lower left, Annexin V⁻/PI⁻), cells in early apoptosis (lower right, Annexin V⁺/PI⁻), cells in late apoptosis (upper right, Annexin V⁺/PI⁺), and necrosis (upper left, Annexin V⁻/PI⁺), compared with untreated control THP-1 cells (A.1), THP-1 cells treated with 500 μg/mL of HM (A.2), untreated HEK293 cells (B.1), and HEK293 cells treated with 500 μg/mL of HM (B.2). Bar graphs present the percentage of viable, early apoptotic, late apoptotic and necrotic cells of THP-1 (A.3) and HEK293 cells (B.3) in the presence or absence of (15.6, 62.5, and 500 μg/mL) HM after 24 h of treatment, based on three independent experiments. (*) and (**) signify a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) compared with the control