Table 5 Three Month Study Blood Chemistry Males and Females Group by Sex ANOVA (bold – significant differences)

F, p value (df 1,24)

F, p value (df 1, 24)

F, p value (df 1, 24)

Glucose (mg/dL)

2.24, .15

18.31, <.001

0.56, .46

Females < Males

Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL)

3.72, .07

0.28, .60

0.03, .86

No significant interaction

Creatinine (mg/dL)

9.10, .006

14.41, .001

0.01, .92

Placebo < 2014 HP & Females > Males

Sodium (mEq/L)

0.07, .80

4.79, .04

0.93, .35

Females > Males

Potassium (mEq/L) (> 10 values coded as missing data)

0.003, .96

74.43, <.001

0.46, .50

Females < Males

Chloride (mEq/L)

0.13, .73

11.99, .002

1.94, .18

Females < Males

Bicarbonate (mEq/L)

1.22, .28

45.86, <.001

0.08, .79

Females > Males

Anion Gap (mEq/L) (missing data coded with group average)

3.12, .09

12.49, .002

3.12, .09

Females < Males

Albumin (g/dL)

1.93, .18

98.42, <.001

0.52, .48

Females > Males

Total Protein (g/dL)

4.24, .051

55.26, <.001

0.46, .50

Females > Males

Globulin (g/dL)

2.79, .11

0.06, .80

0.11, .74

No significant interaction

Calcium (mg/dL)

0.00, .99

67.10, <.001

0.01, .92

Females > Males

Phosphorus (mg/dL)

0.26, .61

1.70, .21

4.81, .04

Differences between groups for females and males.

Females: Placebo > 2014 HP

Males: Placebo < 2014 HP

Cholesterol (mg/dL) (outlier coded with group average)

2.55, .12

42.63, <.001

2.95, .10

Females < Males

Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)

17.62, <.001

6.51, .02

4.94, .04

Significant main effects and interaction. Significant differences between females and males. For both females and males, Placebo < 2014 HP. This difference was much greater for females than it was for males. (With a significant interaction, do not interpret either significant main effect.)

ALT (U/L)

0.86, .36

2.75, .11

1.16, .29

No significant interaction

ALP (U/L)

1.38, .25

0.80, .38

1.69, .21

No significant interaction

GGT (U/L)

CK (U/L) (outlier value coded with group average)

0.34, .57

5.60, .03

0.47, .50

Females > Males

Hemolysis (Mild to moderate hemolysis may cause false increases in direct bilirubin and AST measurement. Marked hemolysis can adversely affect all chemistry tests.)

The occurrence of hemolysis varied with group and sex. Female rats showed more hemolysis (only 1 male in 3-month data showed slight hemolysis). Hemolysis occurred at a slightly higher rate in the control group (50% of the female rats) compared to the HP group (37.5% of the female rats).

X² = 0.00, df 1, p = .99

X² = 0.0, df 1, p = 1.00

X² = 0.0, df 1, p = .99