References | Experimental model | Treatment | Outcome measures | Results | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rhinosinusitis | |||||
Cingi et al. 2011 [46] | Intranasal platelet activating factor-induced rhinosinusitis model in Sprague-Dawley rats. | 80 mg/kg oral TQ. | 1. Degree of vascular congestion 2. Intensity of inflammatory cell infiltration 3. Degree of epithelial injury | Treatment with TQ reverses the intranasal platelet activating facto-induced histological changes. | TQ have been shown to be beneficial for the resolution of rhinosinusitis. |
Otitis | |||||
Demirel et al. 2018 [36] | Bacterial infection-induced otitis model in Wistar rats. | 0.1 and 0.4% topical TQ. | 1. Histopathological assessment. 2. Bacterial assessment. | Treatment of TQ reverses infection-induced histopathological changes and reduces bacterial growth in the ear canal. | TQ shows bacteria eradication and anti-inflammatory properties |
Lung Inflammation | |||||
Sezen et al. 2018 [39] | Cardiac ischemia-induced lung injury in Wistar rats | 25 mg/kg TQ. | 1. Apoptotic markers in the lung. 2. Histological assessment. | Treatment of TQ reverses cardiac ischemia-induced histopathology changes via suppression of apoptosis. | TQ protects against lung injury via inhibition of apoptosis. |
El-Ebiary et al. 2016 [33] | Cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced lung damage in Wistar rats | 1 ml/kg oral NSO. | 1. Histopathological assessment. 2. Scanning electron microscopy. | Treatment of NSO reverses histopathological changes induced by CdCl2 with normal pneumocytes morphology and intra-alveolar septum thickness. | Treatment with NSO ameliorated pathological changes in CdCl2 poisoned rats. |
Su et al. 2016 [43] | Ovalbumin-induced asthma in Balb/C mice. | 3 mg/kg oral TQ. | 1. Cytokines level. 2. Fibrotic markers. 3. Histopathological assessment. 4. Angiogenic factors. 5. HUVEC tube formation. 6. Protein kinase activity. | Treatment of TQ reverses histopathology changes of asthma induced by ovalbumin via suppression of inflammation and angiogenesis. | TQ have anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis properties in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice. |
Nephropathy | |||||
Al-Trad et al. 2016 [47] | Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced nephropathy in diabetic rats. | 50 mg/kg oral TQ and 2 ml/kg oral NSO. | 1. Renal pathology parameters. 2. Expression of Podocin. 3. Fibrotic markers. 4. Angiogenic marker. | Both TQ and NSO treatment demonstrated comparable reversal of diabetic-induced renal pathology via expression of podocin and inhibition of fibrosis and angiogenesis. | TQ & NSO improves pathological changes in diabetic-induced nephropathy. |
Omran 2013 [45] | Nephropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats. | 50 mg/kg oral TQ. | 1. Renal pathology parameters. 2. Histopathological assessment. 3. Epithelial markers. 4. Mesenchymal markers. | Treatment of TQ reverses the diabetic-induced renal histopathological changes via inhibition of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. | TQ improves renal functions via inhibition of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in diabetic nephropathy. |
Hammad & Lubbad 2016 [41] | Reperfusion therapy-induced nephropathy in male Wistar rats. | 10 mg/kg oral TQ. | 1. Renal pathology parameters. 2. Cytokine levels. | Treatment of TQ resulted reversal of reperfusion therapy-induced histopathological changes via the inhibition of inflammation. | TQ improves renal functions via inhibition of inflammation following reperfusion therapy-induced nephropathy. |
Liver Inflammation | |||||
Yang et al. 2016 [44] | Ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver injury in C57/BL6 mice. | 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg oral TQ. | 1. Liver pathology parameters. 2. Histopathological assessment. 3. Expression level of SIRT1, LKB1 and AMPK. | Treatment of TQ reverses the EtOH-induced liver pathological changes via upregulation of SIRT1, LKB1, and AMPK. | TQ regulates LKB1 and AMPK signalling that is associated with inflammation in ethanol-induced liver injury. |
Testicular Damage | |||||
Mabrouk 2018 [37] | Lead (Pb)-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats. | 5 mg/kg/day oral TQ. | 1. Testicular pathology parameters. 2. Histopathological assessment. | Treatment of TQ reverses the Pb-induced testicular pathological. | TQ have protective effect against Pb-induced testicular damage. |