Fig. 4

FD stimulated cells’ inflammation-associated gene expressions levels: (a) iNOS, (b) COX-2, (c) IL-1β, (d) IL-6, and (e) TNF-α. The 2^-ΔΔCt method was used to calculate the relative mRNA levels. GAPDH used as an internal reference. Triplicate experiments were performed. mRNA significance relative to the non-treated control was calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test. * = p < 0.05 and ** = p < 0.01