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Table 2 In vitro antifungal activity of azoles and essential oils against Cryptococcus neoformans azole-susceptible and not-susceptible clinical isolates

From: Use of Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) essential oils and their main components to enhance itraconazole activity against azole susceptible/not-susceptible Cryptococcus neoformans strains

Yeast strains

Antifungal drugs (μg/ml)

Essential oils and main components (mg/ml)

MIC/MFC

MIC/MFC

FLC

VRC

ITC

Origanum vulgare

Pinus sylvestris

Thymus vulgaris

(+)-α-pinene

Carvacrol

Thymol

ADS 16

0.25/4

0.015/0.06

0.5/0.5

0.3/0.3

0.27/0.54

0.56/1.12

1.07/1.07

0.6/1.2

0.02/0.04

ADS 37

0.25/4

0.06/0.25

0.5/0.5

0.3/0.6

0.14/0.14

0.56/0.56

0.54/0.54

0.6/1.2

0.04/0.04

ADS 48

0.5/8

0.015/0.06

0.25/0.5

0.3/0.3

0.14/0.14

0.56/0.56

0.54/0.54

0.6/0.6

0.04/0.08

ADS 57

4/32

0.125/0.5

0.5/0.5

0.3/0.3

0.07/0.14

1.12/1.12

0.54/0.54

0.6/1.2

0.04/0.04

ADS 108

0.25/4

0.015/0.06

0.25/0.5

0.6/0.6

0.07/0.07

0.56/1.12

0.54/0.54

0.6/0.6

0.04/0.04

ADS 109

4/32

0.015/0.06

0.25/0.5

0.6/0.6

0.14/0.27

1.12/1.12

0.54/1.07

0.6/1.2

0.04/0.08

ADS 006

> 128/> 128

> 32/> 32

2/> 2

0.3/1.2

0.54/1.1

1.12/2.24

1.07/1.07

0.6/0.6

0.08/0.16

  1. FLC: fluconazole; VRC: voriconazole; ITC: itraconazole
  2. Epidemiological cut-off values (ECVs) for each antifungal drug: FLC, 16 μg/ml; VRC, 0.25 μg/ml; ITC, 1 μg/ml [26]